Changes

}}

}}

'''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' <!-- BEST PRESIDENT SINCE LINCOLN! --> was the 32nd president of the United States of America, following [[Herbert Hoover]] and preceding [[Harry Truman]].  Roosevelt was a member of the [[Democratic Party]].  He was elected four times and served a few months longer than 3 terms, from 1933-1945, the longest any one man has been president of the United States.  He was elected amidst the uncertainty of the [[Great Depression]].   

'''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' <!-- BEST PRESIDENT SINCE LINCOLN! --> was the 32nd [[President of the United States| president]] of the [[United States]] of America, following [[Herbert Hoover]] and preceding [[Harry Truman]].  Roosevelt was a member of the [[Democratic Party]].  He was elected four times and served a few months longer than 3 terms, from 1933-1945, the longest any one man has been president of the United States.  He was elected amidst the uncertainty of the [[Great Depression]].   

On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage, due partly to the crippling disease, [[polio]]myelitis, which physically disabled him during his presidency.<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.html</ref>   

On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage, due partly to the crippling [[disease]], [[polio]]myelitis, which physically disabled him during his presidency.<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.html</ref>   

Although Mr. Roosevelt was very popular in his time, it has been argued by scholars and analysts then and now that many [[New Deal]] relief efforts actually helped to prolong the [[Great Depression]].  Mr. Roosevelt started the second wave of the massive expansion of the Federal Government and greatly increased American foreign aid.  Some of these policies were viewed as necessary due to the incredibly high level of unemployment in the 1930s and later US involvement in WWII.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/32_f_roosevelt/printable.html</ref>.

Although Mr. Roosevelt was very popular in his time, it has been argued by scholars and analysts then and now that many [[New Deal]] relief efforts actually helped to prolong the [[Great Depression]].  Mr. Roosevelt started the second wave of the massive expansion of the Federal Government and greatly increased American foreign aid.  Some of these policies were viewed as necessary due to the incredibly high level of unemployment in the 1930s and later US involvement in WWII.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/32_f_roosevelt/printable.html</ref>.

FDR became famous for delivering "fireside chats" over the new medium of [[radio]], and on March 9, 1937 he declared:  

FDR became famous for delivering "fireside chats" over the new medium of [[radio]], and on March 9, 1937 he declared:  

*"I hope that you have re-read the Constitution of the United States in these past few weeks. Like the Bible, it ought to be read again and again."

*"I hope that you have re-read the [[United States Constitution| Constitution]] of the United States in these past few weeks. Like the Bible, it ought to be read again and again."

As [[World War II]] broke out in Europe, FDR warned:

As [[World War II]] broke out in Europe, FDR warned:

== First Term ==

== First Term ==

On November 16, 1933, when the Roosevelt administration granted diplomatic recognition to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Soviet Union pledged itself to refrain "from interfering in any manner in the internal affairs of the United States."  That occurred three weeks after the founding of the [[Comintern]] affiliated [[American League for Peace and Democracy]]. Other Comintern affiliates sprung up in the ensuing years, including the [[American Youth Congress]] in 1934 and the  [[League of American Writers]] in 1935.  [[NKVD]] officers traveled the country in the guise of diplomatic and consular officials, conducting [[espionage]] activities <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/10.gif Anonymous letter to Hoover], undated (received 7 August 1943), National Security Agency Venona Collection. "[[SEMENOV]] works in AMTORG, is robbing the whole of the war industry in America. SEMENOV has his agents in all the industrial towns of the U.S.A., in all aviation and chemical war factories and in big industries."</ref> freely and offering bribes.  On 28 February 1934 Elliott Roosevelt, son of the President, and [[Anthony Fokker]] each received half a million dollars for selling fifty military aircraft to the Soviet government. <ref>John T. Flynn, ''The Roosevelt Myth'', (New York: Devin-Adair, 1948).</ref>

On November 16, 1933, when the Roosevelt administration granted diplomatic recognition to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the [[Soviet Union]] pledged itself to refrain "from interfering in any manner in the internal affairs of the United States."  That occurred three weeks after the founding of the [[Comintern]] affiliated [[American League for Peace and Democracy]]. Other Comintern affiliates sprung up in the ensuing years, including the [[American Youth Congress]] in 1934 and the  [[League of American Writers]] in 1935.  [[NKVD]] officers traveled the country in the guise of diplomatic and consular officials, conducting [[espionage]] activities <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/10.gif Anonymous letter to Hoover], undated (received 7 August 1943), National Security Agency Venona Collection. "[[SEMENOV]] works in AMTORG, is robbing the whole of the war industry in America. SEMENOV has his agents in all the industrial towns of the U.S.A., in all aviation and chemical war factories and in big industries."</ref> freely and offering bribes.  On 28 February 1934 Elliott Roosevelt, son of the President, and [[Anthony Fokker]] each received half a million dollars for selling fifty military aircraft to the Soviet government. <ref>John T. Flynn, ''The Roosevelt Myth'', (New York: Devin-Adair, 1948).</ref>

[[Harold Ware]] was a [[Communist Party USA]] (CPUSA) official in the federal government who founded the Washington D.C. group of United States government employees belonging to the underground network called the [[Ware group]]. The group had about 75 members in 1934 and was divided into about eight cells.  The Ware group initially consisted of young lawyers and economists hired by the newly created [[Agricultural Adjustment Administration]] (AAA), a [[New Deal]] agency later found [[unconstitutional]] that reported to the Secretary of Agriculture but was independent of the Department of Agriculture bureaucracy.  [[Alger Hiss]], [[Lee Pressman]], [[John Abt]], [[Charles Kramer]], [[Nathan Witt]], [[Henry Collins]], [[George Silverman]], [[Marion Bachrach]], [[John Herrmann]], [[Nathaniel Weyl]], [[Donald Hiss]] and [[Victor Perlo]] were all members.  [[Harry Dexter White]], who became Director of the Division of Monetary Research in the [[Treasury Department]], also was affiliated with the group. The Ware group was the CPUSA's covert arm.  Each of these agents not only provided classified documents to Soviet intelligence, but was involved in political influence operations as well.   

[[Harold Ware]] was a [[Communist Party USA]] (CPUSA) official in the federal government who founded the [[Washington, D.C.]] group of United States government employees belonging to the underground network called the [[Ware group]]. The group had about 75 members in 1934 and was divided into about eight cells.  The Ware group initially consisted of young lawyers and economists hired by the newly created [[Agricultural Adjustment Administration]] (AAA), a [[New Deal]] agency later found [[unconstitutional]] that reported to the Secretary of Agriculture but was independent of the Department of Agriculture bureaucracy.  [[Alger Hiss]], [[Lee Pressman]], [[John Abt]], [[Charles Kramer]], [[Nathan Witt]], [[Henry Collins]], [[George Silverman]], [[Marion Bachrach]], [[John Herrmann]], [[Nathaniel Weyl]], [[Donald Hiss]] and [[Victor Perlo]] were all members.  [[Harry Dexter White]], who became Director of the Division of Monetary Research in the [[Treasury Department]], also was affiliated with the group. The Ware group was the CPUSA's covert arm.  Each of these agents not only provided classified documents to Soviet intelligence, but was involved in political influence operations as well.   

By 1935 membership in labor unions had sunk to a low figure as a result of the depression.  There were men around the President at this time that saw the tremendous possibilities of organizing labor as a political force. An industrial union is one in which all the people engaged in a single industry are included without regard to the type of skills at which they work.  The industrial union was the one great instrument by which all labor could be organized and the President was urged to promote this idea as the starting point in building up a powerful political labor movement. There were three large industrial unions at that time, [[John L. Lewis]]’s [[United Mine Workers]] (UMW), the International Ladies Garment Workers Union of David Dubinsky and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of [[Sidney Hillman]].

By 1935 membership in labor unions had sunk to a low figure as a result of the depression.  There were men around the President at this time that saw the tremendous possibilities of organizing labor as a political force. An industrial union is one in which all the people engaged in a single industry are included without regard to the type of skills at which they work.  The industrial union was the one great instrument by which all labor could be organized and the President was urged to promote this idea as the starting point in building up a powerful political labor movement. There were three large industrial unions at that time, [[John L. Lewis]]’s [[United Mine Workers]] (UMW), the International Ladies Garment Workers Union of David Dubinsky and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of [[Sidney Hillman]].

Roosevelt tried to sell the plan to John L. Lewis of the UMW, and William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.). Green and the A. F. of L. opposed the idea of industrial unions and refused, but under the leadership of Lewis, a new group of unions was formed called the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).  The year 1936 was a period of furious organizing work by it among the unskilled workers of the country. As Lewis,  Dubinsky, and Hillman set about organizing millions of workers they were immediately up against the problem of finding skilled organizers to promote and manage the new unions.

Roosevelt tried to sell the plan to John L. Lewis of the UMW, and William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.). Green and the A. F. of L. opposed the idea of industrial unions and refused, but under the leadership of Lewis, a new group of unions was formed called the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).  The year 1936 was a period of furious organizing work by it among the unskilled workers of the country. As Lewis,  Dubinsky, and Hillman set about organizing millions of workers they were immediately up against the problem of finding skilled organizers to promote and manage the new unions.

There had been in the United States a Communist labor organization known as the Trade Union Unity League which took its instructions directly from Moscow. It is estimated that ten or fifteen thousand Communists were in these unions. In 1934, Moscow directed the Communist party in the United States to dissolve the Trade Union Unity League unions and to march the members of those unions into the American Federation of Labor. The purpose was not to advance the cause of labor unions or to get better working conditions for the members, but to use the apparatus of the labor union as an instrument of revolution. The Communist leaders saw in the rise of the CIO a better opportunity for their own revolutionary objectives than in the A. F. of L. and instructed their members to withdraw from the A. F. of L. and go into the CIO.  

There had been in the United States a [[Communist]] labor organization known as the Trade Union Unity League which took its instructions directly from [[Moscow]]. It is estimated that ten or fifteen thousand Communists were in these unions. In 1934, Moscow directed the Communist party in the United States to dissolve the Trade Union Unity League unions and to march the members of those unions into the American Federation of Labor. The purpose was not to advance the cause of labor unions or to get better working conditions for the members, but to use the apparatus of the labor union as an instrument of revolution. The Communist leaders saw in the rise of the CIO a better opportunity for their own revolutionary objectives than in the A. F. of L. and instructed their members to withdraw from the A. F. of L. and go into the CIO.  

Lewis was interested in bringing into existence industrial unions like his own, in which he had always believed. Roosevelt was interested in bringing into American labor unions as many voters as possible and in capturing their leadership to be used to build up a powerful labor faction which could control the Democratic party and which he and his allies could control through the vast power of the government and the vast powers of the labor leaders, along with the immense financial resources that so great a labor movement would have. The Communists were interested in getting into key positions as union officers, statisticians, economists, etc., in order to utilize the apparatus of the unions to promote the cause of revolution.

Lewis was interested in bringing into existence industrial unions like his own, in which he had always believed. Roosevelt was interested in bringing into American labor unions as many voters as possible and in capturing their leadership to be used to build up a powerful labor faction which could control the Democratic party and which he and his allies could control through the vast power of the government and the vast powers of the labor leaders, along with the immense financial resources that so great a labor movement would have. The Communists were interested in getting into key positions as union officers, statisticians, economists, etc., in order to utilize the apparatus of the unions to promote the cause of revolution.