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== Speculation about Life ==

== Speculation about Life ==

More than any other extraterrestrial body (except perhaps for [[Mars]]), Europa has long been the subject of intense speculation as to whether it harbors [[extraterrestrial life]]. The Voyager data fueled this speculation, which began with Richard C. Hoagland's startling proposal that Europa might have a liquid ocean that harbored life.<ref name=hoagland>Hoagland, Richard C. "The Europa Enigma." ''Star and Sky'', January, 1980, pp. 16-31. Reproduced in full at ''[http://www.enterprisemission.com/europa.html The Enterprise Mission]'', 1996. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref> NASA authorities, except for [[Robert Jastrow]], were unsympathetic and highly skeptical of Hoagland's theories.  Arthur C Clarke, prominent science fiction writer used the concept of life on Europa as a plot point for his novels 2010: Odyssey II (later adapted into the motion picture 2010: The Year We Make Contact) and 2061: Odyssey III.<ref name=enterprise>Review and history of the Richard C. Hoagland paper at ''[http://www.enterprisemission.com/europa.html The Enterprise Mission]'', 1996. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref>

More than any other extraterrestrial body (except perhaps for [[Mars]]), Europa has long been the subject of intense speculation as to whether it harbors [[extraterrestrial life]]. The Voyager data fueled this speculation, which began with Richard C. Hoagland's startling proposal that Europa might have a liquid ocean that harbored life.<ref name=hoagland>Hoagland, Richard C. "The Europa Enigma." ''Star and Sky'', January, 1980, pp. 16-31. Reproduced in full at ''[http://www.enterprisemission.com/europa.html The Enterprise Mission]'', 1996. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref> NASA authorities, except for [[Robert Jastrow]], were unsympathetic and highly skeptical of Hoagland's theories.  [[Arthur C. Clarke]], a prominent [[science fiction]] writer, used the concept of life on Europa as a plot point for his [[novel]]s ''2010: Odyssey II'' (later adapted into the [[motion picture]] ''2010: The Year We Make Contact'') and ''2061: Odyssey III''.<ref name=enterprise>Review and history of the Richard C. Hoagland paper at ''[http://www.enterprisemission.com/europa.html The Enterprise Mission]'', 1996. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref>

With the arrival of Galileo and the data from Galileo's early exploration of Europa, the speculation became even more feverish.<ref name=resa>"[http://www.resa.net/nasa/europa_life.htm Life on Europa]." ''[http://www.resa.net/nasa/xlife_intro.htm Life on Other Planets in the Solar System]'', October 22, 1998. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref><ref name=solarviews/><ref name=Arnett/> Even the finding of sulfuric acid, a harsh chemical, on Europa has not dampened that speculation.<ref name=acid/>

With the arrival of Galileo and the data from Galileo's early exploration of Europa, the speculation became even more feverish.<ref name=resa>"[http://www.resa.net/nasa/europa_life.htm Life on Europa]." ''[http://www.resa.net/nasa/xlife_intro.htm Life on Other Planets in the Solar System]'', October 22, 1998. Accessed February 29, 2008.</ref><ref name=solarviews/><ref name=Arnett/> Even the finding of sulfuric acid, a harsh chemical, on Europa has not dampened that speculation.<ref name=acid/>