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Philosophy in the West begins with [[Thales]] of Miletus, who was the first astronomer in recorded history to accurately predict a solar eclipse.  The Milesian School founded by Thales included [[Anaxagoras]], [[Anaximander]], and [[Anaximenes]]. Closely related is the work of [[Heraclitus]] of Ephesus.  Around the time of Heraclitus, [[Parmenides]] of Elea, with his pupil [[Zeno]], raised some serious objections to the project of [[Milesian philosophy]].  These objections laid the groundwork for [[Socrates]] and his pupil [[Plato]], as well as the Atomists, [[Democritus]] and [[Leucippus]].

Philosophy in the West begins with [[Thales]] of Miletus, who was the first astronomer in recorded history to accurately predict a solar eclipse.  The Milesian School founded by Thales included [[Anaxagoras]], [[Anaximander]], and [[Anaximenes]]. Closely related is the work of [[Heraclitus]] of Ephesus.  Around the time of Heraclitus, [[Parmenides]] of Elea, with his pupil [[Zeno]], raised some serious objections to the project of [[Milesian philosophy]].  These objections laid the groundwork for [[Socrates]] and his pupil [[Plato]], as well as the Atomists, [[Democritus]] and [[Leucippus]].

== The Twentieth Century ==

=== The Twentieth Century ===

This century has offer a wide diversity of orientations. French [[Henri Bergson]] (1859 – 1941), 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature, [[Edmund Husserl]] (1859 – 1938) founder of [[phenomenology]] and the existentialism of German [[Martin Heidegger]] (1889 – 1976), and his follower, French [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (1905 – 1980), philosopher, playwright, and novelist, that was the leading exponent of [[existentialism]], are good examples. Also criticism of [[Positivism]] by German [[Jürgen Habermas]] (1929– ), a professor at the University of Frankfurt with the [[Critical Theory]], and the Frankfurt School , a group of researchers associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research), founded in 1923 with members such as [[Theodor Adorno]], Theodor Wiesengrund , Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940), a German essayist and critic (He is known for his synthesis of eccentric Marxist theory and Jewish messianism) and [[Herbert Marcuse]] (1898 – 1979), U.S.; [[Structuralism]], theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves, with members such as [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] (1857 – 1913), Swiss linguist, Roman Jakobson (1896 – 1982), Russian-American linguist and literary critic, Anthropologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (1908 – ), French anthropologist, Roland Barthes (1915 – 1880), French critic, and Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984), French philosopher and historian. Foucault is renowned for historical studies that reveal the sometimes morally disturbing power relations inherent in social practices. <ref> [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Philosophhy Philosophy] </ref>

This century has offer a wide diversity of orientations. French [[Henri Bergson]] (1859 – 1941), 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature, [[Edmund Husserl]] (1859 – 1938) founder of [[phenomenology]] and the existentialism of German [[Martin Heidegger]] (1889 – 1976), and his follower, French [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (1905 – 1980), philosopher, playwright, and novelist, that was the leading exponent of [[existentialism]], are good examples. Also criticism of [[Positivism]] by German [[Jürgen Habermas]] (1929– ), a professor at the University of Frankfurt with the [[Critical Theory]], and the Frankfurt School , a group of researchers associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research), founded in 1923 with members such as [[Theodor Adorno]], Theodor Wiesengrund , Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940), a German essayist and critic (He is known for his synthesis of eccentric Marxist theory and Jewish messianism) and [[Herbert Marcuse]] (1898 – 1979), U.S.; [[Structuralism]], theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves, with members such as [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] (1857 – 1913), Swiss linguist, Roman Jakobson (1896 – 1982), Russian-American linguist and literary critic, Anthropologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (1908 – ), French anthropologist, Roland Barthes (1915 – 1880), French critic, and Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984), French philosopher and historian. Foucault is renowned for historical studies that reveal the sometimes morally disturbing power relations inherent in social practices. <ref> [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Philosophhy Philosophy] </ref>