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Line 157: − ==Causes== − The uprising began almost immediately after Castro's rise to power in 1959. It was led by former Castro supporters and small landowners disenchanted by his close ties to the [[Soviet Union]] and what they saw as his betrayal of the revolution's democratic ideals. The rural population (in Cuba these rural dwellers are commonly called Guajiros a culture that differs sociologically from European peasants see Guajiros and Jibaros in [[Neo-Taíno nations]]) violently resisted the government's nationalization of their land in Soviet-style collectivization. The guerrilla war lasted longer and involved far more rebels than had the original struggle against the [[Fulgencio Batista|Batista]] forces e.g. Ros (2006 pp. 159-201), [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:dDLoBOQV_-IJ:www.haciendapub.com/kantor1.html+Escambray+casualties&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us]. The public Cuban government view is presented in [http://www.escambray.cu/Eng/Bandits/FpasadoE.htm]. The Escambray rebellion was finally crushed by the Cuban government's overwhelming Soviet-backed forces in 1965. Even pro-Castro sources admit:“Cuban casualties in the Escambray alone were nearly three times as great as at the Bay of Pigs” [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:nO_cVtoGY_4J:www.swans.com/library/art11/lproy26.html+Escambray+casualties&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us] − One notes that by equating these small farm holding Guajiros, to [[Kulaks]], almost 30 years before radical Cuban marxist [[Antonio Guiteras Holmes]] (considered a prior model for Castro by the present Cuban government) had stated that he wished to avoid the conflict engendered by the formation of this Kulak/Guajiro class: − − *"Guiteras anunció que el reparto de 10 mil caballerías de tierra que pensaba realizar no se haría en calidad de propiedad, sino como usufructo, “para evitar la formación de la pequeña burguesía rural, los Kulaks, tan combatidos por la táctica soviética, que ensayarían granjas cooperativas, [http://www.lajiribilla.co.cu/2006/n290_11/290_13.html] − − The insurgent Guajiro-rural farmers, aided by some former Batista forces, but also included followers of anti-communist [[William Alexander Morgan]], a rebel Comandante in the war against Batista. [http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/william-morgan.htm]. Morgan himself was executed in 1961 long before resistance ended [http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/lofiversion/index.php/t4975.html]. The [[CIA]] also provided very limited and often ineffective (e.g. wrong caliber ammunition) aid to the insurgents, and finally withdrew all support, ensuring their ultimate defeat. Some of the failures could be attributed to Castro’s “roll up” of CIA operatives in Cuba (Volkman, 1995). However, after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, US and CIA interest waned significantly. Castro's forces, on the other hand, were strongly supported by massive Soviet assistance.
→Causes: corrections
Then during a general strike in which the communist party took the side of Machado <ref> Argote-Freyre, Frank, 2006 Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey ISBN 978-0813537010 p. 50 and later explained by the communists themselves in: Massón Sena, Caridad 2004 (accessed 6-9-07) Dos visiones sobre el nacionalismo y las alianzas: Mella y Villena. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Cultura Cubana “Juan Marinello”. La Habana, Cuba. http://168.96.200.17/ar/libros/cuba/marin/nacion.rtf. “ Según explicara Fabio Grobart a posteriori: “ Esta miopía política se reflejó también en una errónea conclusión que los dirigentes del Partido sacaron, de la justa apreciación de que sustituir a Machado por un gobierno de la oposición burgués-terrateniente significaba dejar a Cuba en su estado de semicolonia y a las masas populares en la misma miseria y esclavitud y que únicamente un gobierno de trabajadores podía producir los cambios radicales que el país necesitaba /.../Dicha a conclusión fue profundamente falsa por ser mecánica, por no basarse en un análisis correcto del desarrollo dialéctico de la situación y, esencialmente, por no tener en cuenta que las masas revolucionarias, enardecidas por la victoria sobre Machado y orientadas en su acción por una justa política de su vanguardia marxista-leninista, sí podría asegurar los cambios profundos, es decir, la realización del programa agrario-antimperialista, por el cual abogaba y luchaba desde su fundación el Partido Comunista.(22)” Reference 22 is Fabio Grobart, 1985, p. 93, This author also refers in this regard to Leonel Soto, 1977, vol. II, p. 8 </ref> the Senior elements of the Cuban army forced Machado into exile and installed [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]], son of Cuba's founding father, as President. In September, 4th-5th 1933) however, a second coup (led by sergeants, most notably [[Fulgencio Batista]], overthrew Céspedes leading to the formation of the first [[Ramón Grau San Martín]] government. This government lasted just 100 days, but engineered radical liberal changes in Cuban society and a rejection of the [[Platt amendment]].
Then during a general strike in which the communist party took the side of Machado <ref> Argote-Freyre, Frank, 2006 Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey ISBN 978-0813537010 p. 50 and later explained by the communists themselves in: Massón Sena, Caridad 2004 (accessed 6-9-07) Dos visiones sobre el nacionalismo y las alianzas: Mella y Villena. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Cultura Cubana “Juan Marinello”. La Habana, Cuba. http://168.96.200.17/ar/libros/cuba/marin/nacion.rtf. “ Según explicara Fabio Grobart a posteriori: “ Esta miopía política se reflejó también en una errónea conclusión que los dirigentes del Partido sacaron, de la justa apreciación de que sustituir a Machado por un gobierno de la oposición burgués-terrateniente significaba dejar a Cuba en su estado de semicolonia y a las masas populares en la misma miseria y esclavitud y que únicamente un gobierno de trabajadores podía producir los cambios radicales que el país necesitaba /.../Dicha a conclusión fue profundamente falsa por ser mecánica, por no basarse en un análisis correcto del desarrollo dialéctico de la situación y, esencialmente, por no tener en cuenta que las masas revolucionarias, enardecidas por la victoria sobre Machado y orientadas en su acción por una justa política de su vanguardia marxista-leninista, sí podría asegurar los cambios profundos, es decir, la realización del programa agrario-antimperialista, por el cual abogaba y luchaba desde su fundación el Partido Comunista.(22)” Reference 22 is Fabio Grobart, 1985, p. 93, This author also refers in this regard to Leonel Soto, 1977, vol. II, p. 8 </ref> the Senior elements of the Cuban army forced Machado into exile and installed [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]], son of Cuba's founding father, as President. In September, 4th-5th 1933) however, a second coup (led by sergeants, most notably [[Fulgencio Batista]], overthrew Céspedes leading to the formation of the first [[Ramón Grau San Martín]] government. This government lasted just 100 days, but engineered radical liberal changes in Cuban society and a rejection of the [[Platt amendment]].
==Tactics==
==Tactics==