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→1912 Race War
In 1912 Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province.[31] Perhaps because the group lacked sufficient weaponry the main tactic was to set businesses and private residences on fire.[32] The movement was a failure and General Monteagudo suppressed the rebels with considerable bloodshed. Historians differ on the interpretation of this circumstance. Some view it as suppression of Black rights, others as an attempt at racial cleansing and secession on part of the Black activists.[33] The level of blood shed according to some contemporary accounts was far less than some present academics sustain.<ref>Ferrer, Horacio (Preface by Miguel Ángel Carbonell) 1950 Con el rifle al hombro. El Siglo XX Havana.</ref>
In 1912 Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province.[31] Perhaps because the group lacked sufficient weaponry the main tactic was to set businesses and private residences on fire.[32] The movement was a failure and General Monteagudo suppressed the rebels with considerable bloodshed. Historians differ on the interpretation of this circumstance. Some view it as suppression of Black rights, others as an attempt at racial cleansing and secession on part of the Black activists.[33] The level of blood shed according to some contemporary accounts was far less than some present academics sustain.<ref>Ferrer, Horacio (Preface by Miguel Ángel Carbonell) 1950 Con el rifle al hombro. El Siglo XX Havana.</ref>
====World War I====
During WW I elected president Mario Menocal, a [[Cuban War of Independence hero]], was serving his disputed second term after his military victory over the Liberales in the [[Chambelona War]]. Contemporary accounts mention putative links between Liberales and Germany, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson declined to intervene in the Chambelona conflict which can, although it is not a popular view in Liberal circles, be considered part of WW I. At that time the New York Times was carrying reports that suggested German U-boat resupply from Cuba.
Cuba shipped considerable sugar to Britain, via smuggling which avoided U-boat attack by the subterfuge of shipping sugar to Sweden (this operation was managed by Cuban Ambassador Carlos Garcia Velez, General Calixto Garcia's eldest surviving son). During the unsuccessful revolt against the Menocal government in 1917, the government attributed this in part to pro-German sentiment on part of the "Liberales." However, this was not proven to most historians' satisfaction. The Menocal government declared war on Germany very soon after the U.S. did, and as a result the Mexican government broke off relations with Cuba