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Line 12: − + + − Upon his adoption, Octavian adopted his full name, Caius Iulius + − + − own as an adjectival ending, in the Roman tradition. The + − new “Caesar,” as he quickly came to call himself, immediately pushed + − − for Caesar’s will to be enforced, and his money to be distributed to − − the citizens. He also called for his “father,” Julius Caesar, to be − − deified by the Senate. As Caesar had become posthumously more − − popular with the plebeian class after learning that they were the − − beneficiaries of Caesar’s will, the citizens of Rome clamored until − − the Senate acceded to the demands, deifying Julius Caesar, and − − building his Temple on the burnt remains of the [[Senate House]]. − − Octavian also succeeded in having Caesar’s assassins, ([[Brutus]] − − and [[Cassius]]), declared enemies of the state, and also forced the − − Senate into condemning Caesar’s assassination officially. Brutus − − and Cassius immediately fled the city. − − − All was not well, though – [[Mark Antony]] was also attempting to − − portray himself as the rightful heir of Caesar’s legacy, against − − Octavian’s own claims. A sticking point was the enforcement of − − Caesar’s will: Antony felt the money was his by right, but Octavian − − sought to disburse it to the citizens, as Caesar had requested. The − − two immediately fled the city, raised armies, and fought a small − − battle, which Octavian’s forces quickly won, led to victory by − − [[Agrippa]]. − − − In the meantime, Brutus and Cassius, who had fled to the East to − − raise an army, were returning to Rome to crush Octavian, who had now − − become the popular favorite to be Caesar’s heir. As a result of the − − threat posed by Brutus and Cassius to both Antony and Octavian’s − − designs, the two set aside their differences, and formed a secret − − alliance to defeat Brutus and Cassius. They sought the financial − − backing of [[Marcus Lepidus]], and formed the [[Second Triumvirate]] − − to the ends of crushing Brutus and Cassius, and restoring order to − − Rome. To prevent their secret alliance from becoming public − − knowledge, and to raise funds, the three triumvirs ordered many − − prominent citizens killed, and their property confiscated. Marcus − − Tullius [[Cicero]] was one such target. The Triumvirate also − − disbursed Caesar’s will to the plebeians, as Caesar had requested, − − creating instant popular favor towards Octavian and Antony. − − − The forces of the Second Triumvirate easily defeated Brutus and − − Cassius at the Battle of [[Philippi]] in Greece. Octavian is said − − to have not participated greatly in the battle, Antony and Agrippa − − doing his fighting for him instead. This fostered a rumor at Rome − − that Caesar’s heir was no such thing, but instead a weak and − − effeminate philosopher. − − Line 139:
Line 57: − - Paul Zanker, “the Power of Images in the Age of Augustus.”+ − - Plutarch, “Parallel Lives”: “the Life of Antony,” and “the Life of + − - Suetonius, trans. Robert Graves, “the Lives of the Twelve + + + +
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== ''~ Following Ceasar's Death~'' ==
==Following Ceasar's Death==
Upon his adoption, Octavian adopted his full name, Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, taking his adoptive father’s name and using his own as an adjectival ending, in the Roman tradition. The new “Caesar,” as he quickly came to call himself, immediately pushed for Caesar’s will to be enforced, and his money to be distributed to the citizens. He also called for his “father,” Julius Caesar, to be deified by the Senate. As Caesar had become posthumously more popular with the plebeian class after learning that they were the beneficiaries of Caesar’s will, the citizens of Rome clamored until the Senate acceded to the demands, deifying Julius Caesar, and building his Temple on the burnt remains of the [[Senate House]]. Octavian also succeeded in having Caesar’s assassins, ([[Brutus]] and [[Cassius]]), declared enemies of the state, and also forced the Senate into condemning Caesar’s assassination officially. Brutus and Cassius immediately fled the city.
All was not well, though – [[Mark Antony]] was also attempting to portray himself as the rightful heir of Caesar’s legacy, against Octavian’s own claims. A sticking point was the enforcement of Caesar’s will: Antony felt the money was his by right, but Octavian sought to disburse it to the citizens, as Caesar had requested. The two immediately fled the city, raised armies, and fought a small battle, which Octavian’s forces quickly won, led to victory by [[Agrippa]].
Caesar Octavianus, taking his adoptive father’s name and using his
In the meantime, Brutus and Cassius, who had fled to the East to raise an army, were returning to Rome to crush Octavian, who had now become the popular favorite to be Caesar’s heir. As a result of the threat posed by Brutus and Cassius to both Antony and Octavian’s designs, the two set aside their differences, and formed a secret alliance to defeat Brutus and Cassius. They sought the financial backing of [[Marcus Lepidus]], and formed the [[Second Triumvirate]] to the ends of crushing Brutus and Cassius, and restoring order to Rome. To prevent their secret alliance from becoming public knowledge, and to raise funds, the three triumvirs ordered many prominent citizens killed, and their property confiscated. Marcus Tullius [[Cicero]] was one such target. The Triumvirate also disbursed Caesar’s will to the plebeians, as Caesar had requested, creating instant popular favor towards Octavian and Antony.
The forces of the Second Triumvirate easily defeated Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of [[Philippi]] in Greece. Octavian is said to have not participated greatly in the battle, Antony and Agrippa doing his fighting for him instead. This fostered a rumor at Rome that Caesar’s heir was no such thing, but instead a weak and effeminate philosopher.
==After Philippi==
== After Philippi ==
After the reason for their alliance disappeared, Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian realized that conflict was inevitable. To postpone it for some time, the three partitioned the Roman Empire into three parts – Rome and the West went to Octavian, the wealthy East to Antony, and Africa to Lepidus. The three immediately began to consolidate their power bases for a conflict that they all knew would come.
After the reason for their alliance disappeared, Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian realized that conflict was inevitable. To postpone it for some time, the three partitioned the Roman Empire into three parts – Rome and the West went to Octavian, the wealthy East to Antony, and Africa to Lepidus. The three immediately began to consolidate their power bases for a conflict that they all knew would come.
== Cheyenne''Italic text'' ==
== Cheyenne''Italic text'' ==
* Paul Zanker, “the Power of Images in the Age of Augustus.”
* Plutarch, “Parallel Lives”: “the Life of Antony,” and “the Life of
Caesar.”
Caesar.”
* Suetonius, trans. Robert Graves, “the Lives of the Twelve
Caesars”: “the Life of the Deified Caesar,” and, “the Life of the
Caesars”: “the Life of the Deified Caesar,” and, “the Life of the
Deified Augustus.”
Deified Augustus.”
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Roman emperors]]