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→Swedish Language
The most notable deviation from this is the letter Oo which represents four vowels– /u:/, /ʊ/, /o:/, /ɔ/. Also, a number of archaic spellings are still retained, such as gj, lj, dj, hj with the first sound being mute.
The most notable deviation from this is the letter Oo which represents four vowels– /u:/, /ʊ/, /o:/, /ɔ/. Also, a number of archaic spellings are still retained, such as gj, lj, dj, hj with the first sound being mute.
The reading rules are not difficult in Swedish as far as the spellings usually correspond to the actual pronunciation.
The basic principle is based on the syllabic balance. The syllabic balance is a common Scandinavian feature which stands for obligatory lengthening of stressed syllables. It means that a long vowel can only occur before a single short consonant, as well as a short vowel – only before a cluster or a single doubled consonant. Doubled consonants are said twice as long as their single equivalents.
Thus, a vowel is long if:
# it is the last sound in the syllable (veta /`ve:ta/, läsa /`l:sa/);
# it occurs before one consonant (tid /’ti:d/, ord /’u:ɖ/).
A vowel is short:
# before a consonant cluster in which the first consonant is said a bit lengthened (eld /’el:d/, aska /`as:ka/);
# before a doubled long consonant (Anna /`an:a/, rinna /`rin:a/).
Note that the consonants represented by the clusters rd, rn, and rl are always short. The clusters rt and rs are usually short, and ng is almost always long.
a – /ɑ:/, /a/
b – /b/
c – /k/, /s/ (before ä, e, ö, i, y) *
d – /d/
e – /e:/, /e/; /ɛ/ (in some words as exception); /æ/ (before r when short); /ə/ (unstressed)
f – /f/
g – /g/, /j/ (bafore ä, e, ö, i, y; after r, l at the end of a word)
h – /h/
i – /i:/, /i/
j – /j/
k – /k/; /ɕ/ (before ä, e, ö, i, y)
l – /l/
m – /m/
n – /n/
o – /u:/, /ɔ/; /ʊ/ (in some words as exception)
p – /p/
r – /r/
s – /s/
t – /t/
u – /ʉ:/, /ʉ/
v – /v/
x – /ks/
y – /y:/, /ʏ/
z – /s/
å – /o:/, /ɔ/
ä – /ɛ:/, /ɛ/; /æ:/, /æ/ (before r)
ö – /ø:/, /ø/; /œ:/, /œ/ (before r)
Letter combinations:
gj, dj, lj, hj – /j/ (before a stressed vowel)
rt – /ʈ/
rd – /ɖ/
rn – /ɳ/
rl – /ɭ/
rs – /ʂ/
ng – /ŋ/
gn – /ŋn/ (in the same part of a word)
sj, stj, sch – /ɧ/
sk – /ɧ/ (before ä, e, ö, i, y)
tj, kj – /ɕ/
===Phonetics and Phonology===
===Phonetics and Phonology===