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In the 1930s Turing proposed the concept of a "Universal Turing Machine".  Turing had, first, proposed that the calculations needed to calculate any formula could be broken down into a base set of instructions that could in principle be followed by a machine: the "Turing Machine".  Once fully formalized the calculations needed to derive the instructions themselves were capable of being run by a Turing Machine.  The looped logic allowed the conception of a Turing Machine that could create its own instruction and, in principle, run a huge variety of calculations.

In the 1930s Turing proposed the concept of a "Universal Turing Machine".  Turing had, first, proposed that the calculations needed to calculate any formula could be broken down into a base set of instructions that could in principle be followed by a machine: the "Turing Machine".  Once fully formalized the calculations needed to derive the instructions themselves were capable of being run by a Turing Machine.  The looped logic allowed the conception of a Turing Machine that could create its own instruction and, in principle, run a huge variety of calculations.

During World War II Turing was assigned to the military code breaking unit at Bletchley Park.  Working on the decoding of the German's "Enigma" and, later, "Ultra" codes the group came to place increasing reliance on the formalization of computational procedures.  The combination of this formalization of the work they were doing and Turing's earlier concept of the "Universal Turing Machine" lead to his proposal of creating an actual, rather than theoretical, electronic "Universal Turing Machine": the first electronic computer.

During World War II Turing was assigned to the military code breaking unit at Bletchley Park.  Working on the decoding of the German's "Enigma" and, later, "Ultra" codes the group came to place increasing reliance on the formalization of computational procedures.  The combination of this formalization of the work they were doing and Turing's earlier concept of the "Universal Turing Machine" lead to his proposal of creating an actual, rather than theoretical, electronic "Universal Turing Machine": the first electronic computer.  Turing and his colleagues played a significant role in the Allied victory in WW2, allowing Allied forces access to German communication networks throughout much of the war.  

In his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (Mind 49: 433-460) Turing proposed a test (apparently heavily influenced by Logical Positivism) for establishing whether a computer could think.

In his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (Mind 49: 433-460) Turing proposed a test (apparently heavily influenced by Logical Positivism) for establishing whether a computer could think.