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Side-effects of amputation can include psychological trauma and discomfort. Patients sometimes report phantom limb pain, in which nerve activity in the stump is perceived as pain in a body part that is no longer present.
 
Side-effects of amputation can include psychological trauma and discomfort. Patients sometimes report phantom limb pain, in which nerve activity in the stump is perceived as pain in a body part that is no longer present.
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Fingertips and toetips that have been amputated beyond the level of the nail bed have been known to occasionally regenerate spontaneously<ref>Tracy L.Muller, Valerie Ngo-Muller, Angela Reginelli, Fail Taylor, Rosalie Anderson and Ken Muneoka (1999).  Regeneration in higher vertebrates: Limb buds and digit tips. Cell & Development Biology, 10:405-413</ref>. Amputations in humans that involve more than the tip of a digit do not regenerate. In contrast, many reptile and amphibian species are able to regenerate entire limbs after amputation.
    
Non-medical amputation is used as a form of punishment or as an act of terrorism.
 
Non-medical amputation is used as a form of punishment or as an act of terrorism.
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