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Line 72: + + + − 1894 was the year of the famous Pullman strike in Chicago, where workers tried to stop delivering the mail. He sent the army to Chicago to battle the unionizers, saying that "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago that card will be delivered."+ + − + + − + − + Line 107:
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===Second term ===
===Second term ===
====Depression====
====Pullman Strike====
1894 was the year of the famous Pullman strike in Chicago, where workers tried to stop delivering the mail. He sent the army to Chicago to battle the unionizers, saying that "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago that card will be delivered."
====Silver and gold====
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 required the government to buy 4,500,000 ounces of silver each month, and to pay for it with the issue of new paper money. Conservatives denounced this as a wasteful subsidy to the silver miners and mine owners, and that it endangered the gold standard because there was not gold in the treasury to redeem all of the new government notes. Using all his pwoers of persuasion and patronage, Cleveland forced the repeal of the law in October, 1893.
==Second Tariff War==
The depression continued to worsened, reaching a nadir in mid-1894. Prices, trade and profits continued to fall, and unemployment reached 20%. Some 156 railroads with 30,000 miles of track went bankrupt along with 800 banks and many small businesses.<ref> Samuel Rezneck, "Unemployment, Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-1897," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 61 (1953): 324-45 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826883 in JSTOR]; Charles Hoffmann, "The Depression of the Nineties," ''Journal of Economic History'' 16 (1956): 137-64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113 in JSTOR]</ref>
====Wilson Gorman tariff====
Again he tried to lower the tariff in 1893. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate raised them again, and added an income tax, leaving Cleveland's main campaign issue in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act" to become law without his signature in 1894.
Again he tried to lower the tariff in 1893. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate raised them again, and added an income tax, leaving Cleveland's main campaign issue in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act" to become law without his signature in 1894.
Radical agrarians took ovber the Democratis party in 1896 and nominated firebrand William Jennings Bryan who denounced Cleveland, industrialists and bankers. Bruan called for more money in circulation by making cheap silver into legal currency. Many of Cleveland's closest associats bolted the Democratic party and formed the "Gold Democrats", but Cleveland himself remained silent.
Radical agrarians took ovber the Democratis party in 1896 and nominated firebrand William Jennings Bryan who denounced Cleveland, industrialists and bankers. Bruan called for more money in circulation by making cheap silver into legal currency. Many of Cleveland's closest associats bolted the Democratic party and formed the "Gold Democrats", but Cleveland himself remained silent.
===Hawaii===
====Hawaii====
At first Cleveland did not support the revolutionaries in Hawaii who in 1894 overthrew the queen and established a Democracy. In fact, he tried to discredit their actions via the controversial Blount Report issued by [[James Henderson Blount]] under his direction. Later, however, he supported the revolutionaries when the Queen demanded the death of every single one.
At first Cleveland did not support the revolutionaries in Hawaii who in 1894 overthrew the queen and established a Democracy. In fact, he tried to discredit their actions via the controversial Blount Report issued by [[James Henderson Blount]] under his direction. Later, however, he supported the revolutionaries when the Queen demanded the death of every single one.
===Death and Later Life===
==Retirement==
Cleveland, nicknamed 'the Growler', retired to [[Princeton]]. There he became enemies with Woodrow Wilson, who was President of the school. Some people wanted him to run again in 1904, but he was too old. Sometimes President Theodore Roosevelt asked him for advice.
Cleveland, nicknamed 'the Growler', retired to [[Princeton]]. There he became enemies with Woodrow Wilson, who was President of the school. Some people wanted him to run again in 1904, but he was too old. Sometimes President Theodore Roosevelt asked him for advice.
*Many people said Cleveland was harsh to the poor, but he just favored personal accountability.
*Many people said Cleveland was harsh to the poor, but he just favored personal accountability.
*Cleveland was the only police officer to ever become president.
* Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt were the only law enforcement officials to become president.
* Grover Cleveland's last words were "I have tried so hard to do right."
* Grover Cleveland's last words were "I have tried so hard to do right."
* Ford, Henry Jones. ''The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics'' (1921), [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt short overview online]
* Ford, Henry Jones. ''The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics'' (1921), [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt short overview online]
* Hirsch, Mark D. ''William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick'' (1948), good scholarly biography of close aide [http://www.questia.com/read/95299558?title=William%20C.%20Whitney%2c%20Modern%20Warwick online edition]
* Hirsch, Mark D. ''William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick'' (1948), good scholarly biography of close aide [http://www.questia.com/read/95299558?title=William%20C.%20Whitney%2c%20Modern%20Warwick online edition]
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. ISSN 1094-8392
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project Muse]
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)
* Kelley, Robert. "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland." ''American Quarterly'' 1966 18(4): 615-636. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711386 Jstor]
* Kelley, Robert. "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland." ''American Quarterly'' 1966 18(4): 615-636. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711386 Jstor]