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[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]

[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]

'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of Ancient Egypt; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.

'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.

==Egyptian use of the name==

==Egyptian use of the name==

The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the pyramids onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its etymology and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied first as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an absolute monarchy as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of 1 Kings 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of Rameses II, in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).  

The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its etymology and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).  

In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation.

In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation.

==Regalia==

==Regalia==

In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively.  Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping.  All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both.  [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm]

In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively.  Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping.  All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both.  <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref>

==Significance of Use in the Bible==

==Significance of Use in the Bible==

Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of Abraham and Joseph, concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the Bible in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra.  It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the Exodus, it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the Pentateuch and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare Genesis 12:14-20; 41:14; Exodus 1:11; 3:11; 1 Kings 3:1; 14:25; 2 Kings 23:29; Jeremiah 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; 1 Chronicles 4:18).  

Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra.  It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18).  

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*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"

*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"

*[[Ramses II]]

*[[Ramses II]]

[[category:Egypt]]

[[category:Egypt]]