Changes

==case studies==

==case studies==

Pennock (1997) shaws that the rubber tire industry faced debilitating challenges, mostly brought about by changes in the industry's retail structure and exacerbated by the Depression. Segments of the industry attempted to use the NRA codes to solve these new problems and stabilize the tire market, but the tire manufacturing and tire retailing codes were patent failures. Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices, which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did, the tire industry codes led to even more fragmentation and price cutting.

Pennock (1997) shows that the rubber tire industry faced debilitating challenges, mostly brought about by changes in the industry's retail structure and exacerbated by the Depression. Segments of the industry attempted to use the NRA codes to solve these new problems and stabilize the tire market, but the tire manufacturing and tire retailing codes were patent failures. Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices, which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did, the tire industry codes led to even more fragmentation and price cutting.

Alexander (1997) examines the macaroni industry and concludes that cost heterogeneity was a major source of the "compliance crisis" affecting a number of NRA "codes of fair competition" that were negotiated by industries and submitted for government approval under the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933. The argument boils down to assumptions that progressives at the NRA allowed majority coalitions of small, high-cost firms to impose codes in heterogeneous industries, and that these codes were designed by the high-cost firms under an ultimately erroneous belief that they would be enforced by the NRA.

Alexander (1997) examines the macaroni industry and concludes that cost heterogeneity was a major source of the "compliance crisis" affecting a number of NRA "codes of fair competition" that were negotiated by industries and submitted for government approval under the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933. The argument boils down to assumptions that progressives at the NRA allowed majority coalitions of small, high-cost firms to impose codes in heterogeneous industries, and that these codes were designed by the high-cost firms under an ultimately erroneous belief that they would be enforced by the NRA.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Alexander, Barbara J. "Failed Cooperation in Heterogeneous Industries under the National Recovery Administration." ''Journal of Economic History,'' 1997 57(2): 322-344. Issn: 0022-0507 Fulltext: in Jstor   

* Alexander, Barbara J. "Failed Cooperation in Heterogeneous Industries under the National Recovery Administration." ''Journal of Economic History,'' 1997 57(2): 322-344. Issn: 0022-0507 Fulltext: in Jstor   

* Bellush, Bernard. ''The Failure of the NRA'' (1975) a standard account by a leading scholar

* Bellush, Bernard. ''The Failure of the NRA'' (1975) focus on labor issues

* Best; Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938.'' Praeger Publishers. 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23339686 online edition], a conservative critique

* Best; Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938.'' Praeger Publishers. 1991 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23339686 online edition], a conservative critique

* Brand, Donald R. "Corporatism, the NRA, and the Oil Industry." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1983 98(1): 99-118. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150207  in Jstor]. Uses corporatism model to explore the struggle between independent oil producers and major oil producers over production and price controls.

* Brand, Donald R. "Corporatism, the NRA, and the Oil Industry." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1983 98(1): 99-118. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150207  in Jstor]. Uses corporatism model to explore the struggle between independent oil producers and major oil producers over production and price controls.

* Dameron, Kenneth. "Retailing Under the N.R.A." (two parts) ''Journal of Business of the University of Chicago,'' Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan., 1935), pp. 1-26 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349296 part 1 in JSTOR]; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349396 part II in JSTOR]

* Dameron, Kenneth. "Retailing Under the N.R.A." (two parts) ''Journal of Business,'' Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan., 1935), pp. 1-26 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349296 part 1 in JSTOR]; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349396 part II in JSTOR]

* Dearing, Charles L., Paul T. Homan, Lewis L. Lorwin, Leverett S. Lyon. ''The ABC of the NRA,'' (1934) 200 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-abc-of-the-nra-by-charles-l-dearing-paul-t-homan-lewis-l-lorwin-leverett-s-lyon.jsp online edition]

* Dearing, Charles L., Paul T. Homan, Lewis L. Lorwin, Leverett S. Lyon. ''The ABC of the NRA,'' (1934) 200 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-abc-of-the-nra-by-charles-l-dearing-paul-t-homan-lewis-l-lorwin-leverett-s-lyon.jsp online edition]

* Fine, Sidney. "The Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.," ''Business History Review,'' Vol. 32, No. 4 (Winter, 1958), pp. 353-385 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3111659 in JSTOR]

* Fine, Sidney. "The Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.," ''Business History Review,'' Vol. 32, No. 4 (Winter, 1958), pp. 353-385 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3111659 in JSTOR]

* Lyon, Leverett S., Paul T. Homan, Lewis L. Lorwin, George Terborgh, Charles L. Dearing, Leon Marshall C.; ''The National Recovery Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal'' The Brookings Institution, 1935. in-depth analysis by economists, [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2800196 online edition]

* Lyon, Leverett S., Paul T. Homan, Lewis L. Lorwin, George Terborgh, Charles L. Dearing, Leon Marshall C.; ''The National Recovery Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal'' The Brookings Institution, 1935. in-depth analysis by economists, [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2800196 online edition]

*Ohl, John Kennedy. ''Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal'' (1985), academic biography.   

*Ohl, John Kennedy. ''Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal'' (1985), academic biography.   

* Pennock, Pamela. "The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry, 1933-1935." ''Business History Review," 1997 71(4): 543-568. Issn: 0007-6805 Fulltext: in Jstor

* Pennock, Pamela. "The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry, 1933-1935." ''Business History Review," 1997 71(4): 543-568. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3116306 in JSTOR]

* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. ''The Coming of the New Deal'' (1958) pp 87-176  [http://image.ulib.org/cgi-bin/handlers/handle8?call=15522.20704 online version]

* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. ''The Coming of the New Deal'' (1958) pp 87-176  [http://image.ulib.org/cgi-bin/handlers/handle8?call=15522.20704 online version]

* Sniegoski, Stephen J. "The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA." ''Continuity'' 1990 (14): 63-83. Issn: 0277-1446  

* Sniegoski, Stephen J. "The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA." ''Continuity'' 1990 (14): 63-83. Issn: 0277-1446