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Line 1: − + − An investigation by the American Psychological Associations in the 1980s ended with the conclusion that "mind control" (as applied to [[religious conversion]] of volunteers) was not a [[scientific]]ally viable theory.<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/molko_brief.htm]</ref>+ + + + Line 14:
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'''Brainwashing''' is [[indoctrination]] using [[torture]], [[starvation]], sleep deprivation and so on to coerce captives to make propaganda statements. The word was first used by CIA operative Edgar Hunter to describe "[[re-education]]" practices used on prisoners of war by the Communist Chinese during the [[Korean War]]<ref>[http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks8.htm]</ref>.
'''Brainwashing''' is any form of mental conditioning under [[torture]], [[starvation]], sleep deprivation, or [[hypnotism]] to coerce captives either to make propaganda statements or to perform some other act not in keeping with one's loyalties or moral code.
== History of the term ==
The first modern use of the word was by CIA operative Edgar Hunter. He used it to describe "[[re-education]]" practices used on prisoners of war by the Communist Chinese during the [[Korean War]]<ref name=Hunter>Hunter E, "'Brain-Washing' Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party," ''Miami News'', September 24, 1950. Cited by John Marks, "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate", ch. 8 ("Brainwashing"), in ''The Psychedelic Library''. <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks8.htm></ref>.
The term later appeared in the context of [[religious conversion]] to the [[Unification Church]], and the controversial services of [[Ted Patrick]], who called himself a "[[Deprogramming|deprogrammer]]." However, an investigation by the American Psychological Associations in the 1980s ended with the conclusion that "mind control" (as applied to [[religious conversion]] of volunteers) was not a scientific]]ally viable theory.<ref name=Molko>''Molko and Leal v. Unification Church'', brief ''amicus curiae'' of the American Psychiatric Association, No. SF 25038, Court of Appeal No. A020935, San Francisco Superior Court No. 769-529. Hosted at Center for Studies of New Religions. <http://www.cesnur.org/testi/molko_brief.htm></ref>
==References in popular culture==
==References in popular culture==
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
[[category:psychology]]
[[category:psychology]]