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Line 60: − + − − This arrangement was never stable, and caused numerous wars in the following years. Eventually, the western part of the Empire became the Kingdom of France, while the eastern part became the Holy Roman Empire. The middle part, called Lotharingia, soon broke up, and was finally absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire in the beginning of the 10th century. + +
→France and The Holy Roman Empire
===France and The Holy Roman Empire===
===France and The Holy Roman Empire===
Following Frankish custom, Charlemagne had intended to divide his empire between his sons after his death. However, only one of his sons, [[Louis the Pious]] survived their father to inherit him. But Louis left three sons when he died, and shortly after his death, they fell into civil war over the question of how to divide the inheritance. At the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843 AD, it was decided to divide the Empire in three parts. The western part would go to [[Charles the Bald]] while the eastern part went to [[Louis the German]]. The eldest son, Lothair received the Imperial Crown and a part of land wedged in between the other two. Finally, the son of Lothair received the [[Kingdom of Italy]], consisting of northern Italy down to the [[Papal States]].
Following Frankish custom, Charlemagne had intended to divide his empire between his sons after his death. However, only Louis the Pious survived their father to inherit him. But Louis left three sons when he died, and shortly after his death, they fell into civil war over the question of how to divide the inheritance. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD, it was decided to divide the Empire in three parts. The western part would go to [[Charles the Bald]] while the eastern part went to [[Louis the German]]. The eldest son, Lothair received the Imperial Crown and a part of land wedged in between the other two. Finally, the son of Lothair received the Middle Kingdom, consisting of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Rhineland, and northern Italy. Twenty-seven years later it was abolished. Belgium and Luxembourg went to the west, the Netherlands, Rhineland, and north Italy to the east.
But the Vikings, fierce pagan pirates from Scandinavia, started to attack. They plundered monasteries and churches. Why? Because everything there was made of silver, which they wanted. Paris was besieged several times, and in 845 Hamburg was sacked.
Desperate to settle nobles in the Rhineland, Charles the Simple gave northwestern France to the Vikings in 911. Because they were sometimes called Norsemen, their region became known as Normandy and they were called Normans. They converted to Catholicism and adopted monarchy and feudalism.
===Anglo-Saxon England and Britain===
===Anglo-Saxon England and Britain===