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Canada achieved effective independence (as a Dominion within the British Empire)in 1867, but still remained within the British empire (Newfoundland remained a British territory and did not join Canada until 1949).  Australia, which was originally settled by prisoners from England, did not obtain self-rule for its separate colonies until the 1850s; it obtained independence as a united Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.  New Zealand also won self-rule in the 1850s and Dominion status (effective independence) in 1907.   

Canada achieved effective independence (as a Dominion within the British Empire)in 1867, but still remained within the British empire (Newfoundland remained a British territory and did not join Canada until 1949).  Australia, which was originally settled by prisoners from England, did not obtain self-rule for its separate colonies until the 1850s; it obtained independence as a united Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.  New Zealand also won self-rule in the 1850s and Dominion status (effective independence) in 1907.   

In France, its Third Republic ruled from 1875 until the German Occupation in 1940.

In France, its Third Republic ruled from 1870 until the German Occupation in 1940.

'''Technology and Science'''

'''Technology and Science'''