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'''Charles Sanders Peirce''' (1839 – 1914)<ref> pronounced "purse"</ref> was an American logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist.  [[William James]] and other pragmatists credited Peirce as [[Pragmatism]]'s founder. Peirce eventually distinguished his own version as "Pragmaticism". He held that a conception's meaning is general and does not boil down to its actual consequences (or "cash value") but consists in the conceived object's ''conceivable'' practical consequences. He disagreed with other Pragmatists over what he called their "angry hatred of strict logic" and their views that, among other things, "truth is mutable" and "infinity is unreal".<ref>Peirce, C.S. (1908), "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God", ''Hibbert Journal'' vol. 7, pp. 90-112. Reprinted in ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce'' vol. 6, paragraphs 452-485 and ''The Essential Peirce'' vol. 2, pp.434-450.</ref>. For a while he was a professor at the new graduate university, Johns Hopkins.  There he taught logic to [[John Dewey]]. who became a leader of the liberal wing of pragmatism. Peirce himself was quite conservative when it came to social and economic issues.<ref> See Short (2001)</ref>

'''Charles Sanders Peirce''' (1839 – 1914)<ref> pronounced "purse"</ref> was an American logician, mathematician, philosopher, scientist and [[Polymath]].  [[William James]] and other pragmatists credited Peirce as [[Pragmatism]]'s founder. Peirce eventually distinguished his own version as "Pragmaticism". He held that a conception's meaning is general and does not boil down to its actual consequences (or "cash value") but consists in the conceived object's ''conceivable'' practical consequences. He disagreed with other Pragmatists over what he called their "angry hatred of strict logic" and their views that, among other things, "truth is mutable" and "infinity is unreal".<ref>Peirce, C.S. (1908), "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God", ''Hibbert Journal'' vol. 7, pp. 90-112. Reprinted in ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce'' vol. 6, paragraphs 452-485 and ''The Essential Peirce'' vol. 2, pp.434-450.</ref>. For a while he was a professor at the new graduate university, Johns Hopkins.  There he taught logic to [[John Dewey]], who became a leader of the liberal wing of pragmatism. Peirce himself was quite conservative when it came to social and economic issues.<ref> See Short (2001)</ref>  

 

==Career==

==Career==

Peirce was home-schooled by his father, Benjamin Peirce, a Harvard professor and the nation's leading mathematician. Benjamin especially taught Charles how to solve increasingly complex math and logic problems.  He graduated from Harvard College in 1859 with mediocre grades; he later earned degrees in chemistry and biology with distinction.  he became a research scientist with the United States Coast Survey, 1861-1891, doing research on gravity. At the same time he taught and did research at Harvard in logic and astronomy.

Peirce was home-schooled by his father, Benjamin Peirce, a Harvard professor and the nation's leading mathematician. Benjamin especially taught Charles how to solve increasingly complex math and logic problems.  He graduated from Harvard College in 1859 with mediocre grades; he later earned degrees in chemistry and biology with distinction.  He became a research scientist with the United States Coast Survey, 1861-1891, doing research on gravity. At the same time he taught and did research at Harvard in logic and astronomy.

 

 

==Logic==

==Logic==

In logic Peirce was the first American to take up [[George Boole]]'s program to find the mathematical laws of logic--a program that began modern logic. Peirce made numerous major contributions from 1866 to 1914.  His technical papers of 1867 to 1885 established him as the greatest formal logician in the world, and the influential in the period from Boole to Ernst Schroeder. Peirce's papers were extremely difficult, but Schroeder explicated them and they became well known in the field.

In logic Peirce was the first American to take up [[George Boole]]'s program to find the mathematical laws of logic--a program that began modern logic. Peirce made numerous major contributions from 1866 to 1914.  His technical papers of 1867 to 1885 established him as the greatest formal logician in the world, and the influential in the period from Boole to Ernst Schroeder. Peirce's papers were extremely difficult, but Schroeder explicated them and they became well known in the field.

Peirce radically modified, extended, and transformed Boolean algebra, making it applicable to propositions, relations, probability, and arithmetic. Following De Morgan, Peirce laid the foundations of the logic of relations, the key technique for the logical analysis of mathematics. He invented the copula synbol of inclusion, the most important symbol in the logic of classes; he also invented two new logical algebras, two new systems of logical graphs, discovered the link between the logic of classes and the logic of propositions, was the first to give the fundamental principle for the logical development of mathematics, and made fundamental contributions to probability theory, induction, and the logic of scientific methodology. Peirce wrote an elaborate book on advanced logic but could not get it published.  

Peirce radically modified, extended, and transformed Boolean algebra, making it applicable to propositions, relations, probability, and arithmetic. Following De Morgan, Peirce laid the foundations of the logic of relations, the key technique for the logical analysis of mathematics. He invented the copula synbol of inclusion, the most important symbol in the logic of classes; he also invented two new logical algebras, two new systems of logical graphs, discovered the link between the logic of classes and the logic of propositions, was the first to give the fundamental principle for the logical development of mathematics, and made fundamental contributions to probability theory, induction, and the logic of scientific methodology. Peirce wrote an elaborate book on advanced logic but could not get it published.  

==Pragmatism==

==Pragmatism==

[[Category:Philosophers]]

[[Category:Philosophers]]

[[Category:Progressive Era]]

[[Category:Progressive Era]]