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It fell under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century, and subsequently became part of the [[Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1848-49 the Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrians to gain independence, a movement led by [[Lajos Kossuth]] (1802-1894), but the rebellion was crushed with Russian aid. The creation of the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 gave Hungary a measure of equality with Austria within the empire. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Hungary became an independent state. However, the Treaty of Trianon stripped Hungary of much of its territory and population. [[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]] went to the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Partium]] to [[Romania]] and the area around Novi Sad to [[Yugoslavia]]. A small area on the western border was ceded to [[Austria]]. In the 1920s around one-third of the Magyar people lived outside the new boundaries of Hungary.
It fell under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century, and subsequently became part of the [[Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1848-49 the Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrians to gain independence, a movement led by [[Lajos Kossuth]] (1802-1894), but the rebellion was crushed with Russian aid. The creation of the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 gave Hungary a measure of equality with Austria within the empire. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Hungary became an independent state. However, the Treaty of Trianon stripped Hungary of much of its territory and population. [[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]] went to the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Partium]] to [[Romania]] and the area around Novi Sad to [[Yugoslavia]]. A small area on the western border was ceded to [[Austria]]. In the 1920s around one-third of the Magyar people lived outside the new boundaries of Hungary.
==19th century==
Hungary's parliamentary oligarchy of noble landowners consisted of the magnates, with life memberships in the Upper House, and the gentry, whose more affluent minority dominated the Lower House and, after 1830, parliamentary life. The tension between "crown" (the German-speaking [[Habsburgs]] in Vienna) and "country" remained a constant political fixture as the Compromise of 1867 enabled the Magyar nobility to run the country but left the Emperor with much leverage in maintaining governments. A complex interaction or conflict between magnates and gentry appeared regarding agricultural protection against cheap imports (1870s), the Church-state problem (1890s), and the "constitutional crisis" (1900s). Though gentry politicians exerted leadership during much of the period, they gradually lost their footing in the counties and derived power increasingly from office-holding rather than landownership. Leaning on the state apparatus for support, they came to depend on the dualist status quo.<Ref> László Péter, "The Aristocracy, the Gentry and their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' 1992 70(1): 77-110. </Ref>
The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.
===1848===
The failed revolution of 1848 was a middle class uprising against the nobility. It failed because of deep ethnic differences between the dominant Magyars and the minorities, especially the Serbs, Croats, and Romanians. Another important factor is that the main leader [[Louis Kossuth]] had a secular view of the nation offended many non-Magyar Orthodox Christians. Neither the Magyar liberals nor the minorities realized that a policy of cooperation with the Habsburg court in Vienna was doomed. The Hungarian-speaking Magyars seeking only their own freedom, sought Habsburg help against the minorities. Meanwhile the minorities in their own quest for freedom joined the Habsburgs in fighting the Magyars. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.
==1914 to 1939==
== World War II ==
== World War II ==