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Utah v Evans
==Sampling and Hot-Deck Imputation==
==Sampling and Hot-Deck Imputation==
When he served in the census bureaus from 1990 to 1992, Robert M. Groves favored sampling, rather than Actual Enumeration. In 1999, Doc v. United States House of Representatives, 525 U.S. 316 (1999) ruled that sampling cannot be used in the count used for redistricting the House, but can be used in all other Census reports.
When he served in the census bureaus from 1990 to 1992, Robert M. Groves favored sampling, rather than Actual Enumeration. In 1999, Doc v. United States House of Representatives, 525 U.S. 316 (1999) ruled that sampling cannot be used in the count used for redistricting the House, but can be used in all other Census reports.
"Hot deck" imputation is a way to solve the problem that people do not answer some questions and leave blanks or "missing values." The technique replaces the blank with an estimatebased on the actual response made by similar people to the same question.<ref> See John Stiller and Donald R. Dalzell, "Hot-deck Imputation with SAS Arrays and Macros for Large Surveys," (1997) [http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi23/Stats/p246.pdf online]</ref> This adjustment technique has been approved by the Supreme Court<ref> Utah v. Evans, 536 U.S. 452 (2002)[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=536&page=452 online]</ref> and has no effect on the enumeration used to apportion the House, but does improve the accuracy of data on the characteristics of housing units in each locality.
==Undercount and Overcount==
==Undercount and Overcount==
Statisticians now estimate that the 1990 Census missed about 4.7 million people who should have been counted. However, they estimate that the 2000 Census OVERcounted by about two million, as people who moved around were counted twice.<ref> See Freedman and Wachter (2004) pp. 6-8</ref>
Statisticians now estimate that the 1990 Census missed about 4.7 million people who should have been counted. However, they estimate that the 2000 Census OVERcounted by about two million, as people who moved around were counted twice.<ref> See Freedman and Wachter (2004) pp. 6-8</ref>