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It fell under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century, and subsequently became part of the [[Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1848-49 the Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrians to gain independence, a movement led by [[Lajos Kossuth]] (1802-1894), but the rebellion was crushed with Russian aid. The creation of the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 gave Hungary a measure of equality with Austria within the empire. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Hungary became an independent state. However, the Treaty of Trianon stripped Hungary of much of its territory and population. [[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]] went to the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Partium]] to [[Romania]] and the area around Novi Sad to [[Yugoslavia]]. A small area on the western border was ceded to [[Austria]]. In the 1920s around one-third of the Magyar people lived outside the new boundaries of Hungary.
It fell under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century, and subsequently became part of the [[Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1848-49 the Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrians to gain independence, a movement led by [[Lajos Kossuth]] (1802-1894), but the rebellion was crushed with Russian aid. The creation of the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 gave Hungary a measure of equality with Austria within the empire. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Hungary became an independent state. However, the Treaty of Trianon stripped Hungary of much of its territory and population. [[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]] went to the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Partium]] to [[Romania]] and the area around Novi Sad to [[Yugoslavia]]. A small area on the western border was ceded to [[Austria]]. In the 1920s around one-third of the Magyar people lived outside the new boundaries of Hungary.
==Early modern==
The [[Counter Reformation]] brought limited toleration of non-Catholic religions in 1681, accompanied by intensive re-Catholicization, and attempts to reunite the Christian churches under Catholic leadership. Lutheran church communities in the kingdom of Hungary, which included Slovakia, had to seek foreign authorities, in the form of German universities, to deal with frequent internal conflicts. The growth of Protestantism ended and Catholicism became the dominant religion.
==19th century==
==19th century==
The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.
The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.
===1848===
===1848===
The failed revolution of 1848 was a middle class uprising against the nobility. It failed because of deep ethnic differences between the dominant Magyars and the minorities, especially the Serbs, Croats, and Romanians. Another important factor is that the main leader [[Louis Kossuth]] had a secular view of the nation offended many non-Magyar Orthodox Christians. Neither the Magyar liberals nor the minorities realized that a policy of cooperation with the Habsburg court in Vienna was doomed. The Hungarian-speaking Magyars seeking only their own freedom, sought Habsburg help against the minorities. Meanwhile the minorities in their own quest for freedom joined the Habsburgs in fighting the Magyars. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.
The failed revolution of 1848 was a middle class uprising against the nobility. It failed because of deep ethnic differences between the dominant Magyars and the minorities, especially the Serbs, Croats, and Romanians. Another important factor is that the main leader [[Louis Kossuth]] had a secular view of the nation offended many non-Magyar Orthodox Christians. Neither the Magyar liberals nor the minorities realized that a policy of cooperation with the Habsburg court in Vienna was doomed. The Hungarian-speaking Magyars seeking only their own freedom, sought Habsburg help against the minorities. Meanwhile the minorities in their own quest for freedom joined the Habsburgs in fighting the Magyars. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.
==1914 to 1939==
==1914 to 1939==