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Puck artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and Harper's Weekly cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref> Makemson (2004) </ref>
Puck artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and Harper's Weekly cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref> Makemson (2004) </ref>
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375—412. Fulltext in JSTOR
* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375—412. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2510229 in JSTOR]
* Beisner, Robert L. ''From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865—1900.'' (2d ed., 1986), short survey.
* Beisner, Robert L. ''From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865—1900.'' (2d ed., 1986), short survey.
* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.'' 2000.
* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.'' (2000).
* David Healy; ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' 2001 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]
* Healy, David. ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]
* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 —78.
* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 —78.
* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109-84. (1928).
* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109-84. (1928).
* Sievers, Harry J. ''Benjamin Harrison, Hoosier President.'' 1968.
* Sievers, Harry J. ''Benjamin Harrison, Hoosier President.'' 1968.
* Stanwood, Edward. ''James Gillespie Blaine'' (1905) old fashioned but generally accurate. 377 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=VLVpNX5RCVMC&pg=PA1&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Stanwood, Edward. ''James Gillespie Blaine'' (1905) old fashioned but generally accurate. 377 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=VLVpNX5RCVMC&pg=PA1&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Tyler, Alice Felt. ''The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine'' (1927) 411 pages
* Tyler, Alice Felt. ''The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine'' (1927) 411 pages
* Volwiler, A. T. "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,'' Vol. 79, No. 4 (Nov. 15, 1938), pp. 637-648 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/984943 in JSTOR];
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===