Changes

'''Taverns''', or '''Saloons''' or '''Bars''' or '''Inns''' or (in England and Australia, '''public houses''' and '''pubs''') serving food, beer and rum, performed a major social and communications role in many countries over the last 500 years.  

'''Taverns''', (also called '''Saloons''', '''Bars''' or '''Inns''' or (in England and Australia, '''public houses''' and '''pubs''') serving food, beer and rum, performed a major social and communications role in many countries over the last 500 years.  

==North America==

==North America==

Kaplan (1995)  reports an escalation of tavern violence in antebellum New York City as a manifestation of a developing working-class male identity. This was due to the rapid growth of taverns, and their roles as centers of working-class social life. Brawling fostered a male identity that was centered on physical courage, independence, and class pride. Irish and German influences contributed to the violence, as did racial and ethnic prejudice. Sexual assaults against women increased because women were working in factories and more exposed to these dangers in the city. Women were regarded as depersonalized objects, and gang rapes were viewed as a form of male bonding.<ref> Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Male Identity." ''Journal of the Early Republic 1995'' 15(4): 591-617. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124015  in JSTOR]; [http://matrix.msu.edu/hst/hst202/docs/kaplan_article.pdf online free] </ref>  

Kaplan (1995)  reports an escalation of tavern violence in antebellum New York City as a manifestation of a developing working-class male identity. This was due to the rapid growth of taverns, and their roles as centers of working-class social life. Brawling fostered a male identity that was centered on physical courage, independence, and class pride. Irish and German influences contributed to the violence, as did racial and ethnic prejudice. Sexual assaults against women increased because women were working in factories and more exposed to these dangers in the city. Women were regarded as depersonalized objects, and gang rapes were viewed as a form of male bonding.<ref> Michael Kaplan, "New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Male Identity." ''Journal of the Early Republic 1995'' 15(4): 591-617. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124015  in JSTOR]; [http://matrix.msu.edu/hst/hst202/docs/kaplan_article.pdf online free] </ref>  

===Portsmouth, NH===

===New England===

Between 1697 and 1756 Elizabeth Harvey, followed by her daughter-in-law Ann Harvey Slayton, operated a successful tavern in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Their careers reveal the public acceptance of female management and authority within the confines of the tavern. Under Harvey, the tavern became a mail stop and began hosting General Assembly and executive committee meetings After Slayton took over, the tavern held town meetings, supplied necessities to the poor for which the town gave reimbursement, and provided accommodations for the provincial government, courts, and legislative committees.  

Between 1697 and 1756 Elizabeth Harvey, followed by her daughter-in-law Ann Harvey Slayton, operated a successful tavern in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Their careers reveal the public acceptance of female management and authority within the confines of the tavern. Under Harvey, the tavern became a mail stop and began hosting General Assembly and executive committee meetings After Slayton took over, the tavern held town meetings, supplied necessities to the poor for which the town gave reimbursement, and provided accommodations for the provincial government, courts, and legislative committees.  

===Germania===

===Germania===