Changes

==History==

==History==

Before white settlement, South Australia was occupied by [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines]], whose ancestors are believed to have arrived around 40 000 years ago. The specific groups included the ''Kaurna'' on the Adelaide Plains, ''Peramank'' in the Mount Lofty Ranges, ''Ngarrinjeri'' around the [[Murray River]] and Coorong and ''Pitjantjantjara'' in the far north of the state.

Before white settlement, South Australia was occupied by [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines]], whose ancestors are believed to have arrived around 40 000 years ago. The specific groups included the ''Kaurna'' on the Adelaide Plains, ''Peramank'' in the Mount Lofty Ranges, ''Ngarrinjeri'' around the [[Murray River]] and Coorong and ''Pitjantjantjara'' in the far north of the state.

===19th century===

===19th century===

South Australia was settled as a planned British colony in 1836. It is the only state of Australia to never have received convicts transported from Great Britain. Settlement started in the capital city, [[Adelaide]] and gradually moved out to the rest of the state.

South Australia was created as a planned British colony in 1836. It is the only state of Australia to never have received convicts transported from Great Britain. Settlement started in the capital city, [[Adelaide]] and gradually moved out to the rest of the state.

 

South Australia was a product of carefully planned colonization. The site and layout of its capital city, Adelaide, were selected by a competent surveyor in 1837. Not being endowed with rich mineral resources or large expanses of fertile land, the colony soon developed an industrial structure of its own. This included the establishment and growth of extensive farm machinery industry in the 1870s and 1880s, metal working industries in the subsequent decades, and since 1917 an automotive industry. The state government frequently took an interest and a hand in industrial stimulation and development. This enabled South Australia to pursue a consistent course of expansion and diversification of its secondary industry.  

Exploration began before settlement with [[Charles Sturt]]'s expedition down the [[Murray River]] in 1830 and [[Matthew Flinders]]' and [[Nicolas Baudin]]'s expeditions exploring the coastline, both in 1802. Flinders and Baudin met in what is now known as Encounter Bay, and many coastal features have French names given by Baudin.

From the time of South Australia's settlement in late 1836 seamen started to desert in an effort to better their conditions. Despite frequent representations from masters, colonial administrators were reluctant to act, despite the fact that the colony's council had passed an act in 1838 to regulate seamen in Port Adelaide that was more stringent than 1835 imperial legislation. Instead, the colony's administrators maintained that the only way to prevent desertion was for captains to show more concern for the needs and comfort of their crews. The administration was therefore unwilling to expend police and court time in apprehending and prosecuting deserters. They were not, however, adverse to hiring their police services to private shipping interests. After 1852 policemen, paid by the captains, were sent on board to prevent desertion.<ref> David Mackay, "Desertion of Merchant Seamen in South Australia, 1836-1852: A Case Study," ''International Journal of Maritime History'' [Canada] 1995 7(2): 53-73. </ref>

[[File:Adelaide2.jpg|thumb|390px|South Australia paid travel for immigrants and gave out free land; 1878 announcement]]

===Religion and morality===

===Religion and morality===

Both entrepreneurs and laborers were recruited in Britain, but the respectability required of all was distinctly that of the middle class. The society that recruiters described was the one the middle class would have liked to create rather than the actual state of affairs. The record shows that church attendance in the town was fairly low and that more public houses than churches operated. Drunken and disorderly behavior persisted but never became a major problem. Colonial officials licensed both producers and purveyors of alcohol, both to prevent illegal and unregulated trade and for the tax revenue it generated.<ref> Daryl Adair, "Respectable, Sober, and Industrious? Attitudes to Alcohol in Early Colonial Adelaide," ''Labour History'' [Australia] 1996 (70): 131-155. </ref>  

Both entrepreneurs and laborers were recruited in Britain, but the respectability required of all was distinctly that of the middle class. The society that recruiters described was the one the middle class would have liked to create rather than the actual state of affairs. The record shows that church attendance in the town was fairly low and that more public houses than churches operated. Drunken and disorderly behavior persisted but never became a major problem. Colonial officials licensed both producers and purveyors of alcohol, both to prevent illegal and unregulated trade and for the tax revenue it generated.<ref> Daryl Adair, "Respectable, Sober, and Industrious? Attitudes to Alcohol in Early Colonial Adelaide," ''Labour History'' [Australia] 1996 (70): 131-155. </ref>