Changes

==Medieval period==

==Medieval period==

==Union==

==Union==

In 1603, Elizabeth I of England died, so James VI King of Scotland also became King James I of England. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|The Protectorate]], Scotland remained a separate state. There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church oif Scotland|church government]]. After the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The Alien Act of 1705 was a law passed by the Parliament of England, in 1705, as a response to the Parliament of Scotland's Act of Security of 1704, which in turn was a response to the English Act of Settlement 1701.

In 1603, James VI King of Scotland also took the throne of England as King [[James I of England]]. He was the first of the Stuart dynasty that ruled England until 1714. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's Protectorate]] (1653-58), Scotland remained a separate entity but shared the same king with England.  

 

The Alien Act provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal.

The Act contained a provision that it would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations on the dispute between the two parliaments. Combined with English financial offers to refund Scottish losses on the [[Darién expedition|Darien scheme]], it achieved its aim, leading to the [[Treaty of Union (1707)|Act of Union 1707]] uniting the two countries as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].  For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762-63).

There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church of Scotland|church government]]. After the 1688 overthrow of the Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The English responded a stick and a carrot. The stick was the Alien Act of 1705, which provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal. The carrot was a provision that the Alien Act would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations. Another carrot was the promise of money to refund Scottish losses on the ill-fated Darien scheme of building a colony in Central America. The Scota agreed, and the '''Act of Union''' in 1707 uniting the two countries as the "Kingdom of Great Britain".  For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762-63).

==Jacobites==

==Jacobites==

The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians. Two major [[Jacobitism|Jacobite risings]] launched from the Highlands of Scotland in 1715 and 1745. The latter uprising was lead by [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]], aka "The Young Pretender". It climaxed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the [[Battle of Culloden]] on 16 April, 1746.

The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Catholic districts of the Highlands. Two major Jacobite risings were launched from the Highlands in 1715 and 1745. The first failed at once.  The 1745 uprising, led by "The Young Pretender", collapsed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, 1746.

==Precursor to The Industrial Revolution==

==Precursor to The Industrial Revolution==

When Scotland ratified the 1707 Act of Union, it was an economic backwater. Union gave Scotland access to England's global marketplace, triggering an economic and cultural boom transforming a land of only 1.3 million people into a modern society, and opening up a cultural and social revolution. German Sociologist [[Max Weber]] credited the Calvinist "Protestant Ethic," involving hard work and a sense of divine predestination, for the entrepreneurial spirit of the Scots. Others credit the educational system, especially its leading universities and medical faculties at Edinburgh and Glasgow. The 18th-century [[Scottish Enlightenment]], embodied by such brilliant thinkers as [[Francis Hutcheson]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]], paved the way for the modernization of Scotland and [[Atlantic History|the entire Atlantic world]].  Hutcheson, the father of the Scottish Enlightenment, championed political liberty and the right of popular rebellion against tyranny. Smith, in his monumental ''Wealth of Nations'' (1776), advocated liberty in the sphere of commerce and the global economy. Hume developed philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]] and thus the U.S. Constitution. In 19th-century Britain, the Scottish Enlightenment, as popularized by Dugald Stewart, became the basis of classical liberalism. At the University of Glasgow, [[James Watt]] perfected the crucial technology of the Industrial Revolution: the steam engine. The "democratic" camp meeting found a home in the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the USA.

When Scotland ratified the 1707 Act of Union, it was an economic backwater. Union gave Scotland access to England's global marketplace, triggering an economic and cultural boom transforming a land of only 1.3 million people into a modern society, and opening up a cultural and social revolution. German Sociologist [[Max Weber]] credited the Calvinist "Protestant Ethic," involving hard work and a sense of divine predestination, for the entrepreneurial spirit of the Scots. Others credit the educational system, especially its leading universities and medical faculties at Edinburgh and Glasgow. The 18th-century [[Scottish Enlightenment]], embodied by such brilliant thinkers as [[Francis Hutcheson]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Hume]], paved the way for the modernization of Scotland and [[Atlantic History|the entire Atlantic world]].  Hutcheson, the father of the Scottish Enlightenment, championed political liberty and the right of popular rebellion against tyranny. Smith, in his monumental ''Wealth of Nations'' (1776), advocated liberty in the sphere of commerce and the global economy. Hume developed philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]] and thus the U.S. Constitution. In 19th-century Britain, the Scottish Enlightenment, as popularized by Dugald Stewart, became the basis of classical liberalism. At the University of Glasgow, [[James Watt]] perfected the crucial technology of the Industrial Revolution: the steam engine. The "democratic" camp meeting found a home in the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States.

In time, the union resulted in obvious economic benefits. Scottish ports, especially those on the Clyde, began to import tobacco from America, and, in order to meet the demand of the colonists for manufactured goods, Scottish industries, especially linen-manufacturing, were developed. The British monopoly of the tobacco trade came to an end with the [[American Revolution]], but Scottish industrial growth continued. Scotland strongly supported the Empire in the American Revolutionary wars, and in the wars against [[Napoleon]], laying to rest the fears of dissension.

In time, the union resulted in obvious economic benefits. Scottish ports, especially those on the Clyde, began to import tobacco from America, and, in order to meet the demand of the colonists for manufactured goods, Scottish industries, especially linen-manufacturing, were developed. The British monopoly of the tobacco trade came to an end with the [[American Revolution]], but Scottish industrial growth continued. Scotland strongly supported the Empire in the American Revolutionary wars, and in the wars against [[Napoleon]], laying to rest the fears of dissension.