Changes

==Industrial Revolution==

==Industrial Revolution==

During the and the [[Industrial Revolution]], Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of the British Empire.  Beginning about 1790 the most important industry in the west of Scotland became textiles, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton; the industry never recovered. However, by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) had revolutionized the [[Steel Industry, history|Scottish iron industry]], and Scotland became a center for engineering, shipbuilding, and locomotive construction. Toward the end of the 19th century steel production largely replaced iron production. Emigrant [[Andrew Carnegie]] built the American steel industry, and spent much of his time and philanthropy in Scotland.

During the and the [[Industrial Revolution]], Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of the British Empire.  Beginning about 1790 the most important industry in the west of Scotland became textiles, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton; the industry never recovered. However, by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) had revolutionized the [[Steel industry|Scottish iron industry]], and Scotland became a center for engineering, shipbuilding, and locomotive construction. Toward the end of the 19th century steel production largely replaced iron production. [[Andrew Carnegie]] left Scotland as a lad, made his fortune in Pittsburg steel, then spent much of his time and philanthropy in Scotland.

 

==Urban vs rural==

==Urban vs rural==

For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.  The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref> McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>

For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.  The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref> McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>