Changes

==World War II==

==World War II==

The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II. The Selective Service and Training Act of Sept. 14, 1940, instituted national conscription in peacetime, requiring registration of all men between twenty-one and forty-five, with selection for one year's service by a national lottery. The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941. After Pearl Harbor the Selective Service Act was further amended (Dec. 19, 1941), extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men eighteen to sixty-four years of age. In the massive draft of World War II, 50 million men from eighteen to forty-five were registered, 36 million classified, and 10 million inducted. The World War II draft expired in March 1947, but conscription was revived in 1948 and for more than two decades of intermittent peace and limited war became an established American institution. The Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 theoretically placed a military obligation on all men between the ages of eighteen and a half and twenty-six for a total of eight years of combined active and reserve military duty. The act was extended and variously amended at four-year intervals--in 1955, 1959, 1963, and 1967--and provided options of various types of reserve service for the basic two years of active duty required of those conscripted. In actual practice only enough draftees were called each year to fill military ranks (primarily the army) to their allotted strengths when not enough men volunteered, and thus, many physically fit youths escaped service altogether. Various deferments for educational and other reasons were provided for, as well as exemptions that were subject to some abuse. Opposition to operations of the Selective Service System was a central feature of the movement against the Vietnam War. With Congress and the public increasingly critical, the draft law was renewed for only two years in 1971. Meanwhile, President [[Richard M. Nixon]] in 1969 restored the system of selection by lottery. In June 1973, with congressional consent, he ended the draft entirely and reverted to the all-volunteer forces of pre-World War II America.  

The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II. The Selective Service and Training Act of Sept. 14, 1940, instituted national conscription in peacetime, requiring registration of all men between twenty-one and forty-five, with selection for one year's service by a national lottery. The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941. After Pearl Harbor the Selective Service Act was further amended (Dec. 19, 1941), extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men eighteen to sixty-four years of age. In the massive draft of World War II, 50 million men from eighteen to forty-five were registered, 36 million classified, and 10 million inducted.  

The World War II draft expired in March 1947, but conscription was revived in 1948 and for more than two decades of intermittent peace and limited war became an established American institution. The Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 theoretically placed a military obligation on all men between the ages of eighteen and a half and twenty-six for a total of eight years of combined active and reserve military duty. The act was extended and variously amended at four-year intervals--in 1955, 1959, 1963, and 1967--and provided options of various types of reserve service for the basic two years of active duty required of those conscripted. In actual practice only enough draftees were called each year to fill military ranks (primarily the Army, with pvccasional use for the Marine Corps) to their allotted strengths when not enough men volunteered, and thus, many physically fit youths escaped service altogether.  

 

Various deferments for educational and other reasons were provided for, as well as exemptions that were subject to some abuse. Opposition to operations of the Selective Service System was a central feature of the movement against the Vietnam War. With Congress and the public increasingly critical, the draft law was renewed for only two years in 1971. Meanwhile, President [[Richard M. Nixon]] in 1969 restored the system of selection by lottery. In June 1973, he suspended the draft entirely and reverted to the all-volunteer forces of pre-1940 America.  

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Hyman, Harold M. ''A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution.'' (1973), ch 13. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58673628 online edition]

* Hyman, Harold M. ''A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution.'' (1973), ch 13. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58673628 online edition]

*  Levine, Peter. "Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863-1865," ''Journal of American History'' 67 (1981): 816-34 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(198103)67%3A4%3C816%3ADEITND%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 online edition]

*  Levine, Peter. "Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863-1865," ''Journal of American History'' 67 (1981): 816-34 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(198103)67%3A4%3C816%3ADEITND%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 online edition]

* Albert Burton Moore. ''Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy'' 1924 [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10517499 online edition]

* Moore, Albert Burton. ''Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy'' 1924 [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10517499 online edition]

* Eugene C. Murdock, ''One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North'' (1971).  

* Murdock, Eugene C. ''One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North'' (1971).  

* Kenneth H. Wheeler. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio."  ''Civil War History.'' v.45#2 1999. pp 147+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001276214 online edition]

* Wheeler, Kenneth H. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio."  ''Civil War History.'' v.45#2 1999. pp 147+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001276214 online edition]

===World War I===

===World War I===

[[category:military]]

[[category:military]]