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Many major cities have elected Irish Catholic mayors. [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], and [[Jersey City]] have breen especially prominent. New York City has had at least three Irish-born mayors and over eight Irish Catholic mayors. The most recent one was William O'Dwyer, elected in 1949.
Many major cities have elected Irish Catholic mayors. [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], and [[Jersey City]] have breen especially prominent. New York City has had at least three Irish-born mayors and over eight Irish Catholic mayors. The most recent one was William O'Dwyer, elected in 1949.
==Catholic Church==
By the 1890s the Irish largely controlled the Catholic Church in the U.S. Most bishops and college presidents were Irish. Sometimes this involved battling other ethnic groups, such as the Germans (who outnumbered the Irish), the Poles and the French Canadians.<ref> The Poles grew so angry that a minority faction in 1897 split off from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Polish National Catholic Church in America, which today has about 150,000 members.</ref>
By the 1890s the Irish largely controlled the Catholic Church in the U.S. Most bishops and college presidents were Irish. Sometimes this involved battling other ethnic groups, such as the Germans (who outnumbered the Irish), the Poles and the French Canadians.<ref> The Poles grew so angry that a minority faction in 1897 split off from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Polish National Catholic Church in America, which today has about 150,000 members.</ref>
==Education==
Boston College, established by Jesuit priests in 1863 to appeal to urban Irish Catholics, offered a rather limited intellectual curriculum. The Jesuits of the late 19th century were wary of the radically changing world and limited intellectual study to Thomistic philosophy. The priests prioritized spiritual and sacramental activities over intellectual pursuits. One consequence was that Harvard University would not admit Boston College graduates to its law school. Jesuit interaction with the world of authentic scholarship would not come until well into the 20th century.<ref> Marianne Gallagher, "The Jesuits at Boston College in the Late Nineteenth Century," ''American Catholic Studies'' 2007 118(2): 43-66, </ref>
==Ireland==
The American Irish Catholics were strong supporters of independence for Ireland, and from the 1860s to this day were the main financial backers of independence movements, followed by movements to disrupt British rule in Northern ireland. In the 1860s several thousand Civil War Union veterans formed the Feniean Society, which planned a military invasion to seize canada. The plan was to trade Canada for a free Ireland. The Fenians were too few and too badly organized; they failed miserably.
==see also==
==see also==