Changes

Baden-Powell wrote in a pamphlet "Scouting & Christianity" (1917): "Scouting is nothing less than applied Christianity." Since then, various Scouting Organizations have been founded for members of other religions, or which are not specific to any religion.

Baden-Powell wrote in a pamphlet "Scouting & Christianity" (1917): "Scouting is nothing less than applied Christianity." Since then, various Scouting Organizations have been founded for members of other religions, or which are not specific to any religion.

In designing the Scouting program, Baden-Powell drew ideas from the Japanese warrior's code or "[[bushido]]", on the Victorian "ragged schools" movement, and the educational methods of Montessori.  His ''Scouting for Boys'' (1st ed. 1908) synthesizes Zulu war-cry and Sherlock Holmes; it is full of practical tips on health and hygiene and object lessons in woodcraft. Alongside practical instructions on how to light fires, build a boat, or stalk wild animals, it includes sections on chivalry, self-discipline, self-improvement, and citizenship. The book overflows with Baden-Powell's philosophy of life, one that replaces self with service, puts country before the individual, and duty above all. Although himself an army general, he successfully excluded militarism from scouting in Britain and most countries.<ref> Martin Dedman, "Baden-Powell, Militarism, and the 'Invisible Contributors' to the Boy Scout Scheme, 1904-1920," ''Twentieth Century British History'' 1993 4(3): 201-223,</ref>

In designing the Scouting program, Baden-Powell drew ideas from the Japanese warrior's code or "[[bushido]]", on the Victorian "ragged schools" movement, and the educational methods of Montessori.  His ''Scouting for Boys'' (1st ed. 1908) synthesizes Zulu war-cry and Sherlock Holmes; it is full of practical tips on health and hygiene and object lessons in woodcraft.  

 

 

Alongside practical instructions on how to light fires, build a boat, or stalk wild animals, it includes sections on chivalry, self-discipline, self-improvement, and citizenship. The book overflows with Baden-Powell's philosophy of life, one that replaces self with service, puts country before the individual, and duty above all.  

 

 

Although himself an army general, he successfully excluded militarism from scouting in Britain and most countries.  The basis of Baden-Powell's emphasis on the individualistic development of skills of observation, tracking, map-reading, camping, pioneering, self-reliance, and self-improvement stemmed from his earlier enthusiastic attempts to transform the cavalry into a reconnaissance organization of scouts rather than lancers. Only the elements of the Army which emphasized the values of duty, skills and honor were incorporated. He addeed the educational strain which emphasized individual character development and child-centered learning by doing. Furthermore he brought in the religious dimension which emphasized public service and appreciation of nature produced a balance which withstood challenges and provided an acceptable voluntary alternative to compulsory national training and service.<ref> Allen Warren, "Sir Robert Baden-Powell, The Scout Movement and Citizen Training in Great Britain," ''English Historical Review'' 1986 101(399): 376-398; Martin Dedman, "Baden-Powell, Militarism, and the 'Invisible Contributors' to the Boy Scout Scheme, 1904-1920," ''Twentieth Century British History'' 1993 4(3): 201-223</ref>

==France==

==France==

The Catholic Church eagerly cooperated with the scouting movement in many countries, including the United States. In France the Catholic scouting movement emphasized social usefulness. Scouting tended to produce elites and, in the case of religious-based movements, implant moral rigor and attachment to internalized values from an early age.<ref>Philippe  Laneyrie, "Quarante Ans de Scoutisme Catholique en Region Stephanoise (1925-1965): Modalites D'implantation et Role Social," ("40 years of Catholic scouting in the Saint-Etienne area, 1925-65: patterns of implantation and social role") ''Cahiers d'Histoire'' 1989 34(2): 135-159</ref>

The Catholic Church eagerly cooperated with the scouting movement in many countries, including the United States. In France the Catholic scouting movement emphasized social usefulness. Scouting tended to produce elites and, in the case of religious-based movements, implant moral rigor and attachment to internalized values from an early age.<ref>Philippe  Laneyrie, "Quarante Ans de Scoutisme Catholique en Region Stephanoise (1925-1965): Modalites D'implantation et Role Social," ("40 years of Catholic scouting in the Saint-Etienne area, 1925-65: patterns of implantation and social role") ''Cahiers d'Histoire'' 1989 34(2): 135-159</ref>