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'''Woodrow Wilson''' (born Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 1856 - 1924), a Democrat, was elected as the 28th [[President of the United States of America]], and reelected in 1916, serving from 1913 to 1921.  An academic who became an intellectual leader of the [[Progressive Movement]], Wilson demonstrated his mastery over Congress by creating the [[Federal Reserve System]], lowering the tariff, and revising the [[antitrust]] laws in a way that ended most of the "trustbusting" and drew clear lineson what was allowed. In general these policies would be in line with conservative recommendations in 2009.  He supported liberal policies such as raising wages of railroad workers when they threatened a nationwide strike in 1916.

'''Woodrow Wilson''' (born Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 1856 - 1924), a Democrat, was elected as the 28th [[President of the United States of America]], and reelected in 1916, serving from 1913 to 1921.  An intellectual leader of the [[Progressive Movement]], Wilson demonstrated his mastery over Congress by creating the [[Federal Reserve System]], lowering the tariff, and revising the [[antitrust]] laws.  Trying repeatedly and failing to broker peace during [[World War I]], Wilson in 1917 led the United States into the war. He set up a draft and trained millions of soldiers, sending the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] to France under the command of General [[John J. Pershing]]. Wilson played a dominant role in ending the war with his [[Fourteen Points]] and played the central role at the Versailles Conference that set the peace terms in 1919. He failed to obtain Senate approval for the Versailles treaty because it required American entry into the [[League of Nations]].

 

Trying repeatedly and failing to broker peace during [[World War I]], Wilson in 1917 led the United States into the war. He set up a draft and trained millions of soldiers, sending the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] to France under the command of General [[John J. Pershing]]. Wilson played a dominant role in ending the war with his [[Fourteen Points]] and played the central role at the Versailles Conference that set the peace terms in 1919. He failed to obtain Senate approval for the Versailles treaty because it required American entry into the [[League of Nations]] and a possible loss of control over the war-making power. Wilson refused to involve the Republicans in the peace-making, even though they controlled Congress, and refused the GOP compromise that would have allowed American entry into the League without giving up sovereignty.

Wilson was a very complex man filled with paradox. He was a southern conservative--an elitist with a profound distrust of radical ideas and such left-wing populists as [[William Jennings Bryan]], but became the Democratic Party's most effective advocate of advanced progressivism.  His progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deper religious underpining than is seen today. He ranks with Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson and Ronald Reagan as the nation's most active and dominant chief executives. He ranks with Abraham Lincoln and Reagan as the most articulate spokesman for national values.  He was a war president who largely ignored military affairs and focused on very complex diplomatic issues.  He won his war, reshaped the world at the peace conference, and saw his nation reject his idealist League of Nations because he refused to work with republicans on its mechanics.   

Wilson was a very complex man filled with paradox. He was a southern conservative--an elitist with a profound distrust of radical ideas and such left-wing populists as [[William Jennings Bryan]], but became the Democratic Party's most effective advocate of advanced progressivism.  His progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deper religious underpining than is seen today. He ranks with Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson and Ronald Reagan as the nation's most active and dominant chief executives. He ranks with Abraham Lincoln and Reagan as the most articulate spokesman for national values.  He was a war president who largely ignored military affairs and focused on very complex diplomatic issues.  He won his war, reshaped the world at the peace conference, and saw his nation reject his idealist League of Nations because he refused to work with republicans on its mechanics.   

Wilson's idealistic foreign policy, called "Wilsonianism" sought to end militarism as a force in world affairs, vigorously promote national self determination, create international bodies to head off serious disputes, and use American resources to promote democracy. Wilsonianism (and "idealism" generally) is opposed to "realism" in foreign policy, which stresses a concern for American self-interest, especially in economic and military terms.  Wilsonianism reshaped the world in the aftermath of the Great War; its values lie at the core of the foreign policy of [[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009). [[File:Ww-sargent.jpg|thumb|350px|1917 portrait by [[John Singer Sargent]]]]

Wilson's idealistic foreign policy, called "Wilsonianism" sought to end militarism as a force in world affairs, vigorously promote national self determination, create international bodies to head off serious disputes, and use American resources to promote democracy. Wilsonianism (and "idealism" generally) is opposed to "realism" in foreign policy, which stresses a concern for American self-interest, especially in economic and military terms.  Wilsonianism reshaped the world in the aftermath of the Great War; its values lie at the core of the foreign policy of [[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009). [[File:Ww-sargent.jpg|thumb|350px|1917 portrait by [[John Singer Sargent]]]]

 

Wilson was the most profoundly Christian political leader in the world in the 20th century. He felt assured that he was following God's guidance. Wilson considered the United States a Christian nation destined to lead the world. He was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail.   

Wilson was the most profoundly Christian political leader in the world in the 20th century. He felt assured him that he was following God's guidance. Wilson considered the United States a Christian nation destined to lead the world. He was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail.   

==Family==

==Family==

====Reelection====

====Reelection====

====Woman suffrage====

====Woman suffrage====

In the 1910s, suffragists campaigned for the passage of a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote.  They argued it would purify politics because the new voters would be far lessliable to corruption and saloon influences.  The movement was led by Protesntant northern women, many of whom were active in the prohibition movement at the same time.  Wilson, originally opposed to the amendment, was converted through the efforts of women suffragists and became an advocate of critical importance. Both the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the National Women's Party (NWP) used symbolic representations of President Wilson, conferring on him real or symbolic images of presidential power. In practice Wilson hedged, realizing that male Democrats in the bg city machines in the North and in the rural South were hostile to woman suffrage. The meaning of democracy was at issue: the NWP portrayed Wilson as a tyrant, the NAWSA depicted him as a champion of freedom. Both organizations played essential roles in the passage of the 19th Amendment. After 1919, the absence of a common goal was a contributing factor to the subsequent divisions within the woman's rights movement, as was the loss of a unique adversary.<ref> Christine A. Lunardini, and Thomas J.  Knock,  Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look.  Political Science Quarterly; 1980-1981 95(4): 655-671, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150609  in JSTOR]</ref>  

In the 1910s, suffragists campaigned for the passage of a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote.  They argued it would purify politics because the new voters would be far lessliable to corruption and saloon influences.  The movement was led by Protesntant northern women, many of whom were active in the prohibition movement at the same time.  Wilson, originally opposed to the amendment, was converted through the efforts of women suffragists and became an advocate of critical importance. Both the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the National Women's Party (NWP) used symbolic representations of President Wilson, conferring on him real or symbolic images of presidential power. In practice Wilson hedged, realizing that male Democrats in the bg city machines in the North and in the rural South were hostile to woman suffrage. The meaning of democracy was at issue: the NWP portrayed Wilson as a tyrant, the NAWSA depicted him as a champion of freedom. Both organizations played essential roles in the passage of the 19th Amendment. After 1919, the absence of a common goal was a contributing factor to the subsequent divisions within the woman's rights movement, as was the loss of a unique adversary.<ref> Christine A. Lunardini, and Thomas J.  Knock,  Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look.  Political Science Quarterly; 1980-1981 95(4): 655-671, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150609  in JSTOR]</ref>  

* Cooper, John Milton.  ''Woodrow Wilson: A Biography'' (2009), 720 pp. major new biography by leading scholar

* Cooper, John Milton.  ''Woodrow Wilson: A Biography'' (2009), 720 pp. major new biography by leading scholar

* Cooper, John Milton.  ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt'' (1985), fascinating double biography by leading scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259210893&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Cooper, John Milton.  ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt'' (1985), fascinating double biography by leading scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259210893&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Hofstadter, Richard. "Woodrow Wilson: The Conservative as Liberal" in ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 10. influential essay; at [http://humanitiesebook.org/ ACLS E-books]

* Hofstadter, Richard. "Woodrow Wilson: The Conservative as Liberal" in ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 10. influential essay; at ACLS E-books

* Link, Arthur S. "Woodrow Wilson" in Henry F. Graff ed., ''The Presidents: A Reference History '' (2002) pp 365-388

* Link, Arthur S. "Woodrow Wilson" in Henry F. Graff ed., ''The Presidents: A Reference History '' (2002) pp 365-388

* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of Link's standard biography; [http://humanitiesebook.org/ online at ACLS E-Books]

* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of standard biography

* Maynard, W. Barksdale. ''Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Woodrow-Wilson-Prof-Barksdale-Maynard/dp/0300136048/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259267777&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Maynard, W. Barksdale. Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency  (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Woodrow-Wilson-Prof-Barksdale-Maynard/dp/0300136048/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259267777&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Walworth, Arthur. ''Woodrow Wilson'' 2 Vol. (1958); Pulitzer prize winning biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24215014 vol 1 online]; well-written but old-fashioned (it was written in the 1950s), it has been replaced by Cooper (2009).

* Walworth, Arthur. ''Woodrow Wilson'' 2 Vol. (1958); Pulitzer prize winning biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24215014 vol 1 online]; well-written but old-fashioned (it was written in the 1950s), it has been replaced by Cooper (2009).

===Foreign policy===

===Foreign policy===

* Ambrosius, Lloyd E., “Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies,” ''Diplomatic History'', 30 (June 2006), 509–43.

* Ambrosius, Lloyd E., “Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies,” ''Diplomatic History'', 30 (June 2006), 509–43.[[File:Ww-stamp.jpg|thumb|180ps|left]]

* Bailey; Thomas A. ''Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal'' (1947)

* Bailey; Thomas A. ''Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal'' (1947)

* Clements, Kendrick, A. ''Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman'' (1999)

* Clements, Kendrick, A. ''Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman'' (1999)

[[Category:New Jersey Governors]]

[[Category:New Jersey Governors]]

[[Category:Presbyterians]]

[[Category:Presbyterians]]