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Line 27: − − ==Media== − [[Image:Pompeii_fresco.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of a Roman fresco c.70 A.D. discovered at [[Pompeii]]]] − Different types of painting are usually identified by the "medium" that carries the pigment. This affects the viscosity, miscibility, solubility, durability, flexibility and the appearance of the applied pigment. Common media include:<ref>[http://www.westgateartsupplies.com/index.php?id=atoz ''Media'']. Westgate Gallery. 14 May 2008</ref> − − *[[Acrylic paint|Acrylic]] − *[[Fresco]] − *[[Gouache]] − *[[Ink]] − *[[Mosaic (art)|Mosaic]] − *[[Oil paint|Oil]] − *Oil pastels − *[[Pastels]] − *[[Tempera]] − *[[Watercolour]] − Paintings are not always executed using a single medium: [[Henry Moore]], for example, used oil pastels and watercolours together, knowing that they would not mix. He would use oil pastel for the main features and then cover the paper with a watercolour wash, creating a bolder impression of the initial drawing. − − ==Composition and design== − − The execution and design of a painting can be subdivided as: − [[File:Signac La tormenta Saint Tropez.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Signac]], Saint Tropez, L'orage.]] − − Formal Elements: − *Color - Color is more than a filling in of space, as it may have a structural role to play in the composition. The painter may use it to connect areas of the painting through similarity or create contrast by difference. It can also create spatial depth, harmony and mood. − − <blockquote> − [[Leonardo da Vinci]] describes color contrast, in particular the simultaneous contrast of complementary colors, as follows: − “Of different colors equally perfect, that will appear most excellent which is seen near its direct contrary blue near yellow, green near red: because each color is more distinctly seen when opposed to its contrary than to any other similar to it.” − <ref>[http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bd.html Using Color Contrasts throughout the Ages]</ref></blockquote> − [[Image:Wall-painting.jpg|thumb|An example of a wall painting]] − − *Space - Painters describe different kinds of space, such as primitive ("flat") space; illusionistic, ("Renaissance") space; modern space (developed from [[Paul Cezanne|Cezanne's]] union of flat and illusionistic space); and all-over space, such as that used by [[Jackson Pollock]] in his drip paintings. There is also "positive" space (occupied by a form or figure) and "negative" space (loosely, the background). − *Composition - When deciding the composition of the painting, the painter will be influenced by the subject (eg. landscape, portrait, still life) and then how the forms within the subject relate to the borders of the painting. How the viewer's eye is meant to be drawn over the whole and to certain areas will also determine the composition. − − Pictorial Elements: − *Line − *Shape − *Color − *Texture − *Space − − ''The elements of design (i.e., line, color, tone, texture) are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light. The range of media (e.g., tempera, fresco, oil, watercolour, ink, gouache, encaustic, casein) and the choice of a particular form (e.g., mural, [[easel]], panel, miniature, illuminated manuscript, scroll, screen, fan) combine to realize a unique visual image.'' <ref>[http://www.answers.com/library/Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia-cid-1525503101 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia].</ref> − Line 115:
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[[Image:Chinise painting.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese painting]]
[[Image:Chinise painting.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese painting]]
Essentially, painting has changed very little since these times: the surfaces have evolved through rock faces, the walls of buildings, [[silk]], [[paper]], [[wood]], [[cloth]] and [[canvas]], while the range of pigments used have encompassed earths and minerals, plant extracts and modern synthetic colours. The earliest example of silk painting was excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb in central [[China]] of the Warring States Period (476-221 B.C.)<ref>[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-01/19/content_45741.htm ''Chinese Painting'']. ChinaCulture.org. 14 May 2008</ref> The pigments have also been mixed with water and gums to make paint,<ref>''Painting.'' The Tate Collection. op cit.</ref> and the earliest known examples of oil paints were used in [[Afghanistan]] in the seventh century, derived possibly from [[walnut]]s or the [[poppy|poppies]] which grew in the area.<ref>Dowd, Vincent. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7361994.stm ''Oil painting originated in East'']. BBC News. 22 April 2008. news.bbc.co.uk 14 May 2008</ref> Oil paints were eventually introduced in [[Europe]] in the fifteenth century using [[linseed]] oil. The flexibility and durability of this new medium "played a major part in the explosion of creativity in Western painting during and after the [[Renaissance]]."<ref>''Painting.'' The Tate Collection. op cit.</ref>
Essentially, painting has changed very little since these times: the surfaces have evolved through rock faces, the walls of buildings, [[silk]], [[paper]], [[wood]], [[cloth]] and [[canvas]], while the range of pigments used have encompassed earths and minerals, plant extracts and modern synthetic colours. The earliest example of silk painting was excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb in central [[China]] of the Warring States Period (476-221 B.C.)<ref>[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-01/19/content_45741.htm ''Chinese Painting'']. ChinaCulture.org. 14 May 2008</ref> The pigments have also been mixed with water and gums to make paint,<ref>''Painting.'' The Tate Collection. op cit.</ref> and the earliest known examples of oil paints were used in [[Afghanistan]] in the seventh century, derived possibly from [[walnut]]s or the [[poppy|poppies]] which grew in the area.<ref>Dowd, Vincent. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7361994.stm ''Oil painting originated in East'']. BBC News. 22 April 2008. news.bbc.co.uk 14 May 2008</ref> Oil paints were eventually introduced in [[Europe]] in the fifteenth century using [[linseed]] oil. The flexibility and durability of this new medium "played a major part in the explosion of creativity in Western painting during and after the [[Renaissance]]."<ref>''Painting.'' The Tate Collection. op cit.</ref>
===Cultural styles===
===Cultural styles===
More history information in following Schools.
More history information in following Schools.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
==Movements and Schools ==
==Movements and Schools ==
::: ''Some adhere to a rigid definition of "art", such as paintings, sculpture and other traditional genres, while others believe that art should not be strictly defined, and thus believe that anything progressive may be labeled as such.''
::: ''Some adhere to a rigid definition of "art", such as paintings, sculpture and other traditional genres, while others believe that art should not be strictly defined, and thus believe that anything progressive may be labeled as such.''
==Media==
[[Image:Pompeii_fresco.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of a Roman fresco c.70 A.D. discovered at [[Pompeii]]]]
Different types of painting are usually identified by the "medium" that carries the pigment. This affects the viscosity, miscibility, solubility, durability, flexibility and the appearance of the applied pigment. Common media include:<ref>[http://www.westgateartsupplies.com/index.php?id=atoz ''Media'']. Westgate Gallery. 14 May 2008</ref>
*[[Acrylic paint|Acrylic]]
*[[Fresco]]
*[[Gouache]]
*[[Ink]]
*[[Mosaic (art)|Mosaic]]
*[[Oil paint|Oil]]
*Oil pastels
*[[Pastels]]
*[[Tempera]]
*[[Watercolour]]
Paintings are not always executed using a single medium: [[Henry Moore]], for example, used oil pastels and watercolours together, knowing that they would not mix. He would use oil pastel for the main features and then cover the paper with a watercolour wash, creating a bolder impression of the initial drawing.
==Composition and design==
The execution and design of a painting can be subdivided as:
[[File:Signac La tormenta Saint Tropez.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Signac]], Saint Tropez, L'orage.]]
Formal Elements:
*Color - Color is more than a filling in of space, as it may have a structural role to play in the composition. The painter may use it to connect areas of the painting through similarity or create contrast by difference. It can also create spatial depth, harmony and mood.
<blockquote>
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] describes color contrast, in particular the simultaneous contrast of complementary colors, as follows:
“Of different colors equally perfect, that will appear most excellent which is seen near its direct contrary blue near yellow, green near red: because each color is more distinctly seen when opposed to its contrary than to any other similar to it.”
<ref>[http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bd.html Using Color Contrasts throughout the Ages]</ref></blockquote>
[[Image:Wall-painting.jpg|thumb|An example of a wall painting]]
*Space - Painters describe different kinds of space, such as primitive ("flat") space; illusionistic, ("Renaissance") space; modern space (developed from [[Paul Cezanne|Cezanne's]] union of flat and illusionistic space); and all-over space, such as that used by [[Jackson Pollock]] in his drip paintings. There is also "positive" space (occupied by a form or figure) and "negative" space (loosely, the background).
*Composition - When deciding the composition of the painting, the painter will be influenced by the subject (eg. landscape, portrait, still life) and then how the forms within the subject relate to the borders of the painting. How the viewer's eye is meant to be drawn over the whole and to certain areas will also determine the composition.
Pictorial Elements:
*Line
*Shape
*Color
*Texture
*Space
''The elements of design (i.e., line, color, tone, texture) are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light. The range of media (e.g., tempera, fresco, oil, watercolour, ink, gouache, encaustic, casein) and the choice of a particular form (e.g., mural, [[easel]], panel, miniature, illuminated manuscript, scroll, screen, fan) combine to realize a unique visual image.'' <ref>[http://www.answers.com/library/Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia-cid-1525503101 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia].</ref>
== Hierarchy of the genres ==
== Hierarchy of the genres ==