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The last of the English classical economists was John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).  Homeschooled in an atheistic way by his father, Mill supported laissez-faire but with social reforms like redistribution of wealth, shorter working days, and regulation of monopolies.  Today he would be called a “moderate” due to his support of some government controls over the economy.  Mill was ahead of his time in advocating the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, and emancipation (voting) by women.   

The last of the English classical economists was John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).  Homeschooled in an atheistic way by his father, Mill supported laissez-faire but with social reforms like redistribution of wealth, shorter working days, and regulation of monopolies.  Today he would be called a “moderate” due to his support of some government controls over the economy.  Mill was ahead of his time in advocating the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, and emancipation (voting) by women.   

Mill advocated utilitarianism, a concept previously proposed by the atheist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).  Utilitarianism means that government should do whatever maximizes overall “utility” (benefits minus costs).  If killing one innocent man saves ten other lives, then utilitarianism would favor it.  Under utilitarianism there is no Christian morality, and it is replaced by comparing benefits versus costs.  Under this view government should experiment on embryonic stem cells today if benefits are greater than costs.<ref>John Stuart Mill admitted that his longtime love for a particular woman, who was married to another man for many years, influenced his views about morality, which depart from the Christian view.</ref>  In another book ''On Liberty'', Mill advocated that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised<ref>Note that the British spelling is "civilised", while the American spelling of the word is "civilized".</ref> community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others,” which is also contrary to most Christian views.

Mill advocated utilitarianism, a concept previously proposed by the atheist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).  Utilitarianism means that government should do whatever maximizes overall “utility” (benefits minus costs).  If killing one innocent man saves ten other lives, then utilitarianism would favor it.  Under utilitarianism there is no Christian morality, and it is replaced by comparing benefits versus costs.  Under this view government should experiment on embryonic stem cells today if benefits are greater than costs.<ref>John Stuart Mill admitted that he was in love with a married woman, and that this influenced his departure from Christian morality.</ref>  In another book ''On Liberty'', Mill advocated that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised<ref>Note that the British spelling is "civilised", while the American spelling of the word is "civilized".</ref> community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others,” which is also contrary to most Christian views.

   

   

'''Socialism'''

'''Socialism'''

Another devout Christian was the brilliant mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), who was perhaps second only to the Greek Archimedes as the greatest mathematician of all time.  When Riemann was sent as a teenager to an advanced German school, he quickly became bored with his math class.  He went to the principal and requested more advanced material, whereupon the principal gave him the lengthy and most advanced math book known.  Riemann returned in a just few days declaring, “I have mastered it!”  He went on to create a new type of geometry that became useful in the 20th century, and he formulated the most famous unsolved hypothesis that remains in mathematics today.

Another devout Christian was the brilliant mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), who was perhaps second only to the Greek Archimedes as the greatest mathematician of all time.  When Riemann was sent as a teenager to an advanced German school, he quickly became bored with his math class.  He went to the principal and requested more advanced material, whereupon the principal gave him the lengthy and most advanced math book known.  Riemann returned in a just few days declaring, “I have mastered it!”  He went on to create a new type of geometry that became useful in the 20th century, and he formulated the most famous unsolved hypothesis that remains in mathematics today.

The devout Christian James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was a Scottish<ref>Recall how Scottish people like to draw a distinction between them and the English, even though both are known as Britains.</ref> physicist who advanced the fields of electricity and magnetism, also known as electromagnetism.  His insights, published as ''A Treatise on Electricity & Magnetism'', became known as the four "Maxwell's Equations" and are taught to advanced high school and college students today as the basic laws of electromagnetism.

The devout Christian James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was a Scottish<ref>Recall how Scottish people like to draw a distinction between them and the English, even though both are British.</ref> physicist who advanced the fields of electricity and magnetism, also known as electromagnetism.  His insights, published as ''A Treatise on Electricity & Magnetism'', became known as the four "Maxwell's Equations" and are taught to advanced high school and college students today as the basic laws of electromagnetism.

Marie Curie, a brilliant female Polish scientist who moved to Paris, discovered radioactivity along with her (less-talented) husband Pierre.  Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, put together the periodic table of elements that is still taught today.  British physician Joseph Lister applied Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and implemented an antibacterial cleaning technique for hospital tools and facilities, greatly reducing the number of infections.

Marie Curie, a brilliant female Polish scientist who moved to Paris, discovered radioactivity along with her (less-talented) husband Pierre.  Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, put together the periodic table of elements that is still taught today.  British physician Joseph Lister applied Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and implemented an antibacterial cleaning technique for hospital tools and facilities, greatly reducing the number of infections.