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== Independence Movements in the 20th Century ==

== Independence Movements in the 20th Century ==

For most of the population in the world, the history of the 20th century can be summed up in one word:  '''Independence'''.  That is true for India (about 1 billion people), Indonesia (215 million), much of Africa (890 million), Israel, and Eastern Europe.  China (1 billion) and Latin America (523 million) already had independence before the 20th century, but still had nationalistic movements during the 20th century.

For most of the population in the world, the history of the 20th century can be summed up in one word:  '''Independence'''.  That is true for India (about 1 billion people), Indonesia (215 million), much of Africa (890 million), Israel, and Eastern Europe.  China (1 billion) and Latin America (523 million) already had independence before the 20th century, but had important nationalistic movements during the 20th century.

=== South Asia ===

=== South Asia ===

Both Hindus and Muslims sought independence in South Asia, which now consists of India and the surrounding countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Afghanistan.  Many of those countries did not exist at the time of World War II.  The “Indian subcontinent” today consists primarily of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Both Hindus and Muslims sought independence in South Asia, which now consists of India and the surrounding countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Afghanistan.  Many of those countries did not exist at the time of World War II.  The “Indian subcontinent” today consists primarily of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

The Hindu group pushing for independence was the Congress Party, while the Muslim League was the pro-independence Islamic group led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.  In 1946 the [[Great Calcutta Killing]] occurred, which was a riot between Hindus and Muslims resulting in the deaths of 6,000 people.

The Hindu group pushing for independence was the Congress Party, while the Muslim League was the pro-independence Islamic group led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.  In 1946 the [[Great Calcutta Killing]] occurred, which was a riot between Hindus and Muslims resulting in 6,000 deaths.

On both sides of India, East and West, were regions dominated by Islam.  In 1947, they achieved independence as East and West Pakistan based on a partition by the British House of Commons.  Religious conflict continued.  Gandhi went to Delhi in January 1948 to urge fair treatment for Muslims, and was then assassinated by a Hindu.

On both sides of India, East and West, were regions dominated by Islam.  In 1947, they achieved independence as East and West Pakistan based on a partition by the British House of Commons.  Religious conflict continued.  Gandhi went to Delhi in January 1948 to urge fair treatment for Muslims, and was then assassinated by a Hindu.

[[Image:India rel01.jpg|400px|right]]

[[Image:India rel01.jpg|400px|right]]

India received its independence from Great Britain on August 15, 1947, and instantly became the world’s most populous democracy.  Jawaharial Nehru was its first prime minister.  He began the long process of modernization and sought to de-emphasize the caste system.  Two years later, in 1949, a war broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and this dispute continues today - even though China seized part of Kashmir in 1962.  Both India and Pakistan joined the British Commonwealth as Dominion members and adopted English as their official languages.  India sought assistance from the Soviet Union, while Pakistan became more closely aligned with the United States.

India received its independence from Great Britain on August 15, 1947, and instantly became the world’s most populous democracy.  Jawaharial Nehru was its first prime minister.  He began the long process of modernization and sought to de-emphasize the caste system.  Two years later, in 1949, a war broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and this dispute continues today - even though China seized part of Kashmir in 1962.  Both India and Pakistan joined the British Commonwealth as Dominion members and adopted English as their official languages.  India sought assistance from the Soviet Union, while Pakistan aligned with the United States.

Nehru ruled India for nearly two decades, and his daughter Indira Gandhi became prime minister upon his death.  Her rule saw an increase in agricultural production known as the “green revolution,” but she attempted to limit population growth with strict birth control.  She also suspended parts of the democratic process.  The people responded by defeating her in 1977, and she left office.  In 1980, she regained power, but violence was breaking out with Sikhs who wanted an independent state.  She ordered an attack on a Sikh temple, and two of her bodyguards retaliated by assassinating her in June 1984. The news reached America in the middle of the night, but President Reagan’s advisers chose not to awaken him to tell him.  Critics ridiculed this choice (allowing President Reagan to sleep through this news) and one liberal even wrote a book about the Reagan Administration and this occurrence. It was entitled, “While Reagan Slept.”

Nehru ruled India for nearly two decades, and his daughter Indira Gandhi became prime minister upon his death.  Her rule saw an increase in agricultural production known as the “green revolution,” but she attempted to limit population growth with strict birth control.  She also suspended parts of the democratic process.  The people responded by defeating her in 1977, and she left office.  In 1980, she regained power, but violence was breaking out with Sikhs who wanted an independent state.  She ordered an attack on a Sikh temple, and two of her bodyguards retaliated by assassinating her in June 1984.

Rajiv Gandhi succeeded his mother as the leader of India.  He lost power in 1989 based on accusations of corruption.  A group of Tamil terrorists from Sri Lanka killed him with a bomb in 1991.  Sri Lanka is the pear-shaped island off of the southern coast of India, which obtained its independence in 1948.  Sri Lanka has a Buddhist majority, and the Tamils are in a Hindu minority and have been fighting for their own independence.  Rajiv Gandhi had sent troops into Sri Lanka under a 1983 agreement to disarm the rebellious Hindus, which was unsuccessful.

Rajiv Gandhi succeeded his mother as the leader of India.  He lost power in 1989 based on accusations of corruption.  A group of Tamil terrorists from Sri Lanka killed him with a bomb in 1991.  Sri Lanka is the pear-shaped island off of the southern coast of India, which obtained its independence in 1948.  Sri Lanka has a Buddhist majority, and the Tamils are a Hindu minority there who have been fighting for their own independence.  Rajiv Gandhi had sent troops into Sri Lanka under a 1983 agreement to disarm the rebellious Hindus, which was unsuccessful.

Shifting over to the history of the eastern portion of Pakistan, Indian-backed forces overthrew the government of East Pakistan in 1971 and established the new country of Bangladesh.  The eastern and western parts of Pakistan had different ethnicities and languages,were separated by over a thousand miles, and were unable to remain united despite both parts being Muslim.   

Shifting over to the history of the eastern portion of Pakistan, Indian-backed forces overthrew the government of East Pakistan in 1971 and established the new country of Bangladesh.  The eastern and western parts of Pakistan had different ethnicities and languages and were separated by over a thousand miles, unable to remain united despite both parts being Muslim.   

West Pakistan then became Pakistan.  In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf seized power by overthrowing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.  Before him, Benazir Bhutto was the woman prime minister who ran the country, despite the fact that it is Muslim.  Pakistan is one of the few Islamic nations possessing the atomic bomb, which it developed in the 21st century, much to the consternation of the rest of the world.

West Pakistan then became Pakistan.  In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf seized power by overthrowing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.  Before him, Benazir Bhutto was a remarkable woman prime minister for this Muslim country.  Pakistan is one of the few Islamic nations possessing the atomic bomb, which it developed in the 21st century, much to the consternation of the rest of the world.

=== Southeast Asia ===

=== Southeast Asia ===

When India and Pakistan sought and obtained independence from the British, other British and Dutch colonies in Asia attained similar independence.  In Southeast Asia, Burma gained independence in 1948, and chose not to be a member of the British Commonwealth.  It then suffered from some internal conflicts between communists and military dictators.  In 1989, Burma renamed itself Myanmar.

When India and Pakistan sought and obtained independence from the British, other British and Dutch colonies in Asia attained similar independence.  In Southeast Asia, Burma gained independence in 1948, and chose not to be a member of the British Commonwealth.  It then suffered from some internal conflicts between communists and military dictators.  In 1989, Burma renamed itself Myanmar.

Ethnic conflict hurt British efforts to create a single nation of Malaysia after World War II.  Large groups of Chinese and Malay peoples fought each other in Southeast Asia.  In 1957, a Federation of Malaya brought together Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah.  But in 1965, Singapore slipped from the federation to become a separate nation composed of only one successful city.  Today Singapore is one of the few city-states in the world, and is very prosperous.  After Singapore split off, the other three regions (Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah) formed the Federation of Malaysia.

Ethnic conflict hurt British efforts to create a single nation of Malaysia after World War II.  Large groups of Chinese and Malay peoples fought each other in Southeast Asia.  In 1957, a Federation of Malaya brought together Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah.  But in 1965, Singapore left the federation to become a separate nation composed of only one successful city.  Today Singapore is one of the few city-states in the world, and is very prosperous.  After Singapore split off, the other three regions (Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah) formed the Federation of Malaysia.

Indonesia had been a Dutch colony until the Japanese conquered it early in World War II.  After the war, Sukarno led a successful rebellion against the Dutch and established the independence of Indonesia in 1949.  But Sukarno was unable to establish a democracy, perhaps because Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world.

Indonesia had been a Dutch colony until the Japanese conquered it early in World War II.  After the war, Sukarno led a successful rebellion against the Dutch and established the independence of Indonesia in 1949.  But Sukarno was unable to establish a democracy, perhaps because Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world.