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| | |[[Louisiana Purchase]] | | |[[Louisiana Purchase]] |
| − | |land sold by Napoleon to the U.S. for a low price in 1803, stretching from Lousiana to the Northwest | + | |land stretching from Lousiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803, |
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| | |[[Isaac Newton]] | | |[[Isaac Newton]] |
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| | |[[Voltaire]] | | |[[Voltaire]] |
| − | |(1694-1778) French philosopher prominent in the Enlightment, favoring '''''absolute''''' freedom and supporting ideas that led to French Revolution | + | |(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution |
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| | |[[nation-state]] | | |[[nation-state]] |
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| | |[[Marie Antoinette]] | | |[[Marie Antoinette]] |
| − | |wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution, who reportedly said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread | + | |privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread |
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| | |[[monarch]] | | |[[monarch]] |
| − | |A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited | + | |a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'') |
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| | |Louis XIV | | |Louis XIV |
| − | |(ruled 1643-1715) an absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”) | + | |(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”) |
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| | |divine right of kings | | |divine right of kings |
| − | |belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s | + | |belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s |
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| | |Philip II | | |Philip II |
| − | |(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588. | + | |(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588 |
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| | |William of Orange | | |William of Orange |
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| | |Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | | |Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| | |(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet | | |(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet |
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| − | |[[opium]]
| |
| − | |a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
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| | |[[capitalism]] | | |[[capitalism]] |
| − | |An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails. | + | |an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price |
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| | |[[Columbian Exchange]] | | |[[Columbian Exchange]] |
| − | |The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492. | + | |The trade of plants and animals between America and Europe after Columbus's voyages |
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| | |[[Nicolaus Copernicus]] | | |[[Nicolaus Copernicus]] |
| − | |(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") | + | |(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") |
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| | |[[Hernando Cortes]] | | |[[Hernando Cortes]] |
| − | |aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place | + | |aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place |
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| | |Francisco Pizzaro | | |Francisco Pizzaro |
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| | |Entrenchment | | |Entrenchment |
| | |the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand. | | |the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand. |
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| | |Kaiser Wilhelm II | | |Kaiser Wilhelm II |
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| | |[[Joseph Stalin]] | | |[[Joseph Stalin]] |
| | |Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) | | |Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |
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| | + | |[[opium]] |
| | + | |an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British |
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| | |} | | |} |
| | [[Category:World History lectures]] | | [[Category:World History lectures]] |