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| | |Francisco Pizzaro | | |Francisco Pizzaro |
| − | |also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas. | + | |with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas. |
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| | |encomiendas | | |encomiendas |
| − | |beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery. | + | |beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor |
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| | |repartimientos | | |repartimientos |
| − | |1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king | + | |1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them |
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| | |[[Rasputin]] | | |[[Rasputin]] |
| − | |Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia. | + | |Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916 |
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| | |[[John Cabot]] | | |[[John Cabot]] |
| − | |1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England | + | |a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England |
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| | |Jacques Cartier | | |Jacques Cartier |
| − | |1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America | + | |1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America |
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| | |[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar) | | |[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar) |
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| | |[[Neo-Confucianism]] | | |[[Neo-Confucianism]] |
| − | |More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's. | + | |More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s. |
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| | |[[Reign of Terror]] | | |[[Reign of Terror]] |
| − | |Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason | + | |terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794) |
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| | |[[Robert Fulton]] | | |[[Robert Fulton]] |