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'''Population genetics''' is the study of [[allele]] distribution, transmission, and change in frequency within a population. Because mathematical models of population genetics rely on the effects of the major [[evolution|evolutionary]] forces ([[natural selection]], [[genetic drift]], [[mutation|random mutation]], and [[gene flow]])on the behavior of alleles within populations over time, population genetics forms one of the cornerstones of the [[modern evolutionary synthesis]]; that is, the current scientific understanding of the [[theory of evolution]].