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| | [[Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|right|thumb|George Orwell (Eric Blair)]] | | [[Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|right|thumb|George Orwell (Eric Blair)]] |
| − | '''George Orwell''' is the pen name of '''Eric Arthur Blair''' (June 25, 1903 - January 21, 1950), a leading and [[Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness|open-minded]] [[English]] writer, essayist and journalist who became critical of his ideological allies on the [[Left]]. He hated [[imperialism]]<ref>"I went to Burma and joined the Indian Imperial Police. This was an armed police, a sort of gendarmerie very similar to the Spanish Guardia Civil or the Garde Mobile in France. I stayed five years in the service. It did not suit me and made me hate imperialism" [http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/ukrainian-af-pref.htm]</ref> and grew more [[conservative]], adopting and raising a child and becoming a member of the [[Church of England]].<ref>"There are nevertheless four aspects of Orwell's later work which are more closely linked to conservative than to left-wing styles of thinking." [http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=1391]</ref> The tension between the increasingly conservative Orwell and the perception of him as a democratic socialist may account for some of his interesting word inventions like "doublethink". Because of his prominent [[liberal]] past, Orwell's conservative writings were accepted and praised by the clueless liberal intelligentsia. By the time Orwell adopted an infant in 1944, he was an outspoken opponent of [[abortion]],<ref>https://www.crisismagazine.com/2004/why-george-orwell-was-pro-life-2</ref> which may have accelerated his anti-[[communism|communist]] work.
| + | Literally 1984 |
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| − | "Orwellian" is a term in tribute of his mockery of political attempts to control and redefine terminology.
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| − | Unlike most writers, Orwell's greatest works came late in his life. He harshly criticized [[communism]] and [[totalitarianism]] in ''[[1984]]'', his finest novel, as well as in his shorter fictional work ''[[Animal Farm]]'' (1946), an allegorical reference to the [[Russian Revolution]]. These works were far more significant than his first novel, based on his experiences on the Imperial Police Force in Burma, ''Burmese Dаys'', which explored the evils of coloniаlism. His highly influential essay, "Politics and the English Language," attacked the [[liberal obfuscation]] which was already present in his day, and championed clear speech.
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| − | The inspiration for Orwell's growth into conservatism remains unexplored. Likely reasons include his open-mindedness, his adopting and then raising (due to his wife's untimely death) a child, and his disillusionment with Leftists while fighting on their side in [[Spain]].
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| − | == Biography ==
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| − | Orwell's political views began to move away from the [[far left]] when he volunteered to fight the Spanish [[Nationalist]] forces to keep them from overturning the [[Soviet]]-backed revolutionary socialist government of Spain<ref>"Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of state archives in Moscow, scholarship has considerably darkened the view of the Communist role in Republican Spain.... [The] Spanish government... was in no serious sense democratic.... [I]t was composed largely of revolutionary parties that showed no willingness to allow the right wing a political future in Spain, and it was extremely brutal in its treatment of clerics, landowners, and suspected Fascists.... [It] was probably headed toward Soviet-style totalitarianism before Franco ever launched his rebellion.... Stalin was among the Spanish government’s first arms suppliers of choice." George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books#ixzz0mOubjsda The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005. Cf. Stanley G. Payne, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmfv1Z4Z18YC The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 2004) ISBN 030010068X</ref> in the [[Spаnish Civil War]] (1936-1939). He enlisted in the POUM (In English, Workers Party for Marxist Unity) Militia, and saw action on the Aragon front, where he fought side by side with Anаrchists and Communists, as well as Republican regulars.
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| − | He became disillusioned with the Spanish government's policy of withholding arms from the POUM and the Anarchists, which he saw as an attempt by the Communists to water down the revolutionary nature of the Anti-Fascist resistance, and centralize power in the hands of the Moscow-backed Communist Party. Taking a bullet through his neck but surviving, Orwell was invalided to Barcelona, where he witnessed the [[Stalin]]ist repression of [[Trotsky]]ist and [[Anarchist]] parties. Orwell and his wife were forced to escape from Spain as fugitives, after the POUM was banned by the increasingly repressive regime.
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| − | Despite his persecution, Orwell initially continued to support the Republic upon his return to England, viewing a Communist-dominated Spain as better than a Nationalist Spain. He recounted his experiences in Spain in the book ''Homage to Catalonia''.<ref>[http://www.george-orwell.org/Homage_to_Catalonia/index.html]</ref> He remained a socialist, and was for a time in the late 1930s a member of the Independent Labour Party, although he split from the ILP over its opposition to [[World War II]]. Orwell served in the Home Guаrd during the war.
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| − | In 1941, Orwell wrote his essay ''The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius'', in which he summarized Britain's wartime situation, and expressed his political opinions. He called for a particularly English form of socialism, which would democratically replace the capitalist model and create a fairer society, while being informed by the most attractive English characteristics, such as love of privacy and law abidance.
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| − | Orwell had only ten years left in his life when he returned. During that period he and his wife adopted a baby boy (in 1944), but Orwell's wife unexpectedly died shortly thereafter.
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| − | In those ten years Orwell wrote his famous [[anti-Communist]] fictional works, demonstrating how much his views had moved to the right from his youth. First he spent three years writing ''Animаl Farm'' (1944), and then perhaps five years on the longer novel ''1984'' (1949). Orwell continued to espouse forms of [[socialism]]<ref>[http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/eaip_03]</ref> right up to his death, but utilized his position as a regular columnist for the left-labor ''Tribune'' paper to strongly criticize the USSR. Such criticism was unusual for a [[left-wing]]er of the period, but Orwell was so well respected that his position was secure. "I belong to the left and must work with it," he declared in 1945.<ref>http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=1391</ref> He died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1950.
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| − | ==Quotes==
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| − | *"In a time of universal deceit telling the truth is a revolutionary act."
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| − | *"For the future. For the unborn."
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| − | *"Truth is treason in an empire of lies."
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| − | *"In our age there is no such thing as 'keeping out of politics.' All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred, and schizophrenia."<ref>http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm</ref>
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| − | *In [[England]] of the last thirty years, it has seemed all too natural [unfortunately] ... that [[abortion]], theoretically illegal, should be looked upon as a mere peccadillo.”<ref>From Orwell's essay ''The English People'' (1944).</ref>
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| − | *“All tyrannies rule through fraud and force, but once the fraud is exposed they must rely exclusively on force.”
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| − | *“The past was erased, the erasure was forgotten, the lie became the truth.”<ref>George Orwell in ''1984''</ref>
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| − | *"It cannot be said too often— at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough— that [[collectivism]] is not inherently [[democratic]], but, on the contrary, gives to a [[tyranny|tyrannical]] minority such powers as the [[Spanish Inquisition|Spanish Inquisitors]] never dreamt of."<ref>George Orwell, "Review, ''The Road to Serfdom'' by F. A. Hayek," The London ''Observer'', April 9, 1944, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fCRLPIbLP8IC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 3: As I Please, 1943-1945]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921353, p. 118</ref>
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| − | *"To this day it gives me a faint feeling of sacrilege not to stand to attention during ‘God save the King’. That is childish, of course, but I would sooner have had that kind of upbringing than be like the [[left-wing]] intellectuals who are so ‘enlightened’ that they cannot understand the most ordinary emotions."<ref>George Orwell, "My Country, Right or Left," ''New Folios of Writing'', Autumn 1940, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 1: An age like this, 1920-1940]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, p. 540</ref>
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| − | *"It is all very well to be 'advanced' and 'enlightened,' to snigger at Colonel Blimp and proclaim your emancipation from all traditional loyalties, but a time comes when the sand of the desert is sodden red and what have I done for thee, England, my England? As I was brought up in this tradition myself I can recognise it under strange disguises, and also sympathise with it, for even at its stupidest and most sentimental it is a comelier thing than the shallow self-righteousness of the left-wing intelligentsia."<ref>George Orwell, "The Limit to Pessimism," ''New English Weekly'', April 25, 1940, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 1: An age like this, 1920-1940]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, p. 535</ref>
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| − | *"One sometimes gets the impression that the mere words '[[Socialism]]' and '[[Communism]]' draw towards them with magnetic force every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, 'Nature Cure' quack, [[pacifist]] and [[feminist]] in England."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 115</ref>
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| − | *"The truth is that to many people calling themselves Socialists, revolution does not mean a movement of the masses with which they hope to associate themselves; it means a set of reforms which 'we,' the clever ones, are going to impose upon 'them,' the Lower Orders."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 119</ref>
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| − | *"[T]he intellectual, book-trained Socialist... is drawn... entirely from... a rootless town-bred section of the middle class.... [I]t includes—so much so that to an outsider it even appears to be composed of—... the foaming denouncers of the bourgeoisie, and the more-water-in-your-beer reformers of whom [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]] is the prototype, and the astute young social-literary climbers who are Communists now, as they will be Fascists five years hence, because it is all the go, and all that dreary tribe of highminded women and sandal-wearers and bearded fruit-juice drinkers who come flocking towards the smell of 'progress' like bluebottles to a dead cat."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 121</ref>
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| − | *"If only the sandals and pistachio-colored shirts could be put in a pile and burnt, and every vegetarian, [[teetotalism|teetotaler]] and creeping Jesus sent home to Welwyn Garden City to do his yoga exercises quietly. As with the Christian religion, the worst advertisement for Socialism is its adherents."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 147</ref>
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| − | *"The word ''[[Fascism]]'' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies 'something not desirable'.... Since you don't know what Fascism is, how can you struggle against Fascism?"<ref>George Orwell, "[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm Politics and the English Language]," ''Horizon'', vol. 13, issue 76 (April 1946), reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1946-1950]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, pp. 132-139</ref>
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| − | *"[T]here is a minority of intellectual pacifists whose real though unadmitted motive appears to be hatred of [[Western]] [[democracy]] and admiration for [[totalitarianism]]. Pacifist [[propaganda]] usually boils down to saying that one side is as bad as the other, but if one looks closely at the writings of younger intellectual pacifists, one finds that they do not by any means express impartial disapproval but are directed almost entirely against [[Britain]] and the [[United States]]."<ref>George Orwell, "Notes on Nationalism," ''Polemic'', October 1945, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fCRLPIbLP8IC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 3: As I Please, 1943-1945]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921353, p. 374</ref>
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| − | *"Fifteen years ago, when one defended the freedom of the intellect, one had to defend it against [[Conservative]]s, against [[Catholic]]s, and to some extent—for they were not of great importance in England—against Fascists. Today one has to defend it against [[Communist]]s and ‘fellow travellers’"<ref>George Orwell, "The Prevention of Literature," ''Polemic'', No. 2 (January 1946), reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zaxG_3ivhVAC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1946-1950]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921361, p. 62</ref>
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| − | *"War against a foreign country only happens when the moneyed classes think they are going to profit from it."
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| − | *"The [[nationalist]] not only does not disapprove of [[mass murder|atrocities]] committed by his own side, he has a remarkable capacity for not even hearing about them."
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| − | *"Every line of serious work I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, ''against'' [[totalitarianism]] and ''for'' [[democratic socialism]], as I understand it."<ref>Huneke, Samuel (February 16, 2016). [http://news.stanford.edu/press-releases/2016/02/16/pr-orwell-alex-woloch-021516/ Stanford professor uncovers roots of George Orwell's political language]. ''Stanford''. Retrieved June 25, 2017.</ref>
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| − | *"Up to 1930 I did not on the whole look upon myself as a Socialist. In fact I had as yet no clearly defined political views. I became pro-Socialist more out of disgust with the way the poorer section of the industrial workers were oppressed and neglected than out of any theoretical admiration for a planned society."<ref>http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/ukrainian-af-pref.htm</ref>
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| − | *"I have no particular love for the idealized 'worker' as he appears in the [[bourgeois]] Communist's mind, but when I see an actual flesh-and-blood worker in conflict with his natural enemy, the [[police]]man, I do not have to ask myself which side I am on."
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| − | *"If [[liberty]] means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear."
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| − | ==Bibliography==
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| − | ===Books===
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London/english/ ''Down and Out in Paris and London''] (1933)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/ ''Burmese Days''] (1934)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/A_Clergymans_Daughter/ ''A Clergyman's Daughter''] (1935)
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| − | *''[[Keep the Aspidistra Flying]]'' (1936)<ref>http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying/ </ref>
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier/ ''The Road to Wigan Pier''] (1937)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Homage_to_Catalonia/ ''Homage to Catalonia''] (1938)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Coming_up_for_Air/ ''Coming Up for Air''] (1939)
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| − | *''[[Animal Farm]]'' (1945)
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| − | *''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (1949)
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| − | ===Essays===
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| − | *[http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/spike.htm ''The Spike''] (1931)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/hanging/ '' A Hanging''] (1931)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/elephant/ ''Shooting An Elephant''] (1936)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/dickens/ ''Charles Dickens''] (1939)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/boys/ ''Boys' Weeklies''] (1940)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/whale/ ''Inside The Whale''] (1940)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lion/english/ ''The Lion and The Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius''] (1941)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/ ''Wells, Hitler and the World State''] (1941)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/McGill/ ''The art of donald McGill''] (1941)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/Spanish_War/ ''Looking back on the Spanish War''] (1943)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/yeats/ ''W. B. Yeats''] (1943)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/dali/ ''Benefit of Clergy: Some notes on Salvador Dali''] (1944)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/koestler/ ''Arthur Koestler''] (1944)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/ ''Notes on Nationalism''] (1945)
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| − | *[http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/nicecupoftea.htm ''A Nice Cup of Tea''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/Poor_Die/ ''How The Poor Die''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/swift/ ''Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/ ''Politics and the English Language''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/burnham/ ''Second Thoughts on James Burnham''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/decline/ ''Decline of the English Murder''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/Common_Toad/ ''Some Thoughts on the Common Toad''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/vicar/ ''A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/plum/ ''In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/wiw/ ''Why I Write''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/prevention/ ''The Prevention of Literature''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/joys/english/ ''Such, Such Were the Joys''] (1946)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lear/ ''Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool''] (1947)
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| − | *[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/gandhi/ ''Reflections on Gandhi''] (1949)
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| − | *[http://www.george-orwell.org/Bookshop_Memories/0.html ''Bookshop Memories''] (1936)
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| − | *[http://www.whitebeertravels.co.uk/orwell ''The Moon Under Water''] (1946)
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| − | ===Poetry===
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| − | *Romance
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| − | *A Little Poem
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| − | *Awake! Young Men of England
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| − | *Kitchener
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| − | *Our Minds are Married, But we are Too Young
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| − | *The Pagan
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| − | *The Lesser Evil
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| − | *Poem From Burma
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| − | === See Also ===
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| − | * [[Mystery:Did George Orwell Become a Conservative?]]
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| − | * [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Police state]]
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| − | * [[Liberal totalitarianism]]
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| − | * ''[[Brave New World]]'' by [[Aldous Huxley]]
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| − | * ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' by George Orwell
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| − | * ''[[We]]'' by Yevgeny Zamyatin
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| − | * ''[[Animal Farm]]'' - [[Anti-Communist|anti-Stalinist]] "fairy story" by George Orwell
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| − | * ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'' by [[Ayn Rand]]
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| − | * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926380-6,00.html "That Year Is Almost Here"] by Paul Gray, ''Time'' Online.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist|1}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [https://librivox.org/author/1537 Works by George Orwell - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]
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| − | {{Conservatism}}
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| − | {{Greatest Thinkers}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Orwell, George}}
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| − | [[Category:American Authors]]
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| − | [[Category:Conservatism]]
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| − | [[Category:British History]]
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| − | [[Category:Totalitarianism]]
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| − | [[Category:Police State]]
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| − | [[Category:Pro-Life]]
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| − | [[Category:Welfare State]]
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| − | [[Category:Dystopian Fiction]]
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| − | [[Category:Anti-Communism]]
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