Difference between revisions of "Memory"

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'''Memory''' is remembrance of things [[past]].
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'''Memory''' is the [[nervous system]]'s capacity to acquire and retain skills and [[knowledge]] for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things [[past]].
  
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We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
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==Phases of Memory==
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===Encoding===
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In the encoding phase, the [[brain]] changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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===Storage===
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This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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====Sensory Storage====
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The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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Cognitive [[psychologist]] George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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====Short-term Storage====
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Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 240)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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====Long-term Storage====
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Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It ''probably'' has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 242)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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===Retrieval===
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In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay [[attention]].(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 234)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
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== Space repetition ==
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''See also:'' [[Spaced repetition]]
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[[Spaced repetition]] is a "learning technique that involves reviewing material at increasing intervals of time to improve long-term memory. Instead of cramming, you review information right before you're likely to forget it, and each review session strengthens your memory of the material. This method is effective for a wide range of subjects and can be implemented with tools like flashcards and quizzes."<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=spaced+repetition&oq=spaced+re&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCggAEAAYsQMYgAQyCggAEAAYsQMYgAQyBggBEEUYOTIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIGCAYQRRg9MgYIBxAuGEDSAQgzNTMzajBqMagCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Spaced repetition]</ref>
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== Mnemonic devices ==
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''See also:'' [[Mnemonic]]
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[[File:Cerebellum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Human Body: God's Masterpiece]</ref><ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Enigmatic Human Brain] by Wallace G. Smith</ref><ref>[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The Most Complex Structure], Creation Moments</ref>]]
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A [[mnemonic]] device  (memory device), is any learning technique that assists someone's [[memory]].
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=== Mnemonic device training and brain changes ===
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Articles:
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*[http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9 Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory], ''Neuron'', VOLUME 93, ISSUE 5, P1227-1235.E6, MARCH 08, 2017
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*[https://npjscilearncommunity.nature.com/users/34795-shelly-xuelai-fan/posts/16047-learning-a-mnemonic-gives-you-a-memory-boost-and-triggers-lasting-changes-in-the-brain Learning mnemonics boosts memory and triggers lasting changes in the brain], Nature.com
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Findings:
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*The top participants of the annual World Memory Championships regularly demonstrate the ability to memorize hundreds of words, digits, or other abstract information units within minutes.
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*Of the 23 athletes, 17 participated in a word learning task under fMRI conditions where they demonstrated their superior memory abilities compared to controls (70.8 ± 0.6 versus 39.9 ± 3.6 of 72 words correctly recalled 20 min after encoding; median, 72 versus 41; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.001, r = 0.62).
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*Brain changes: "Memory skills strongly differ across the general population; however, little is known about the brain characteristics supporting superior memory performance. Here we assess functional brain network organization of 23 of the world’s most successful memory athletes and matched controls with fMRI during both task-free resting state baseline and active memory encoding.  We demonstrate that, in a group of naive controls, functional connectivity changes induced by 6 weeks of mnemonic training were correlated with the network organization that distinguishes athletes from controls."
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*True to their name, the memory champions missed only two words on average when recalling the list 20 minutes later, whereas their controls missed nearly half.
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== Journal articles ==
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*[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3789138/#:~:text=This%20study%20further%20demonstrated%20the,updating%20of%20schemas%20during%20consolidation. ''Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory''], Current  Biology. 2013 Sep 9;23(17):R764–R773. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.041
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== See also ==
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*[[Chess mastery and memory improvement]]
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== External links ==
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*[https://artofmemory.com Art of memory], Website devoted to memory improvement
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==References==
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<references>
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[[Category:Psychology]]
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==References==
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<references>
 
[[Category:Psychology]]
 
[[Category:Psychology]]

Latest revision as of 12:20, October 16, 2025

Memory is the nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things past.

We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)[1]

Phases of Memory

Encoding

In the encoding phase, the brain changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)[1]

Storage

This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)[1]

Sensory Storage

The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)[1]

Cognitive psychologist George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)[1]

Short-term Storage

Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 240)[1]

Long-term Storage

Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It probably has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 242)[1]

Retrieval

In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay attention.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 234)[1]

Space repetition

See also: Spaced repetition

Spaced repetition is a "learning technique that involves reviewing material at increasing intervals of time to improve long-term memory. Instead of cramming, you review information right before you're likely to forget it, and each review session strengthens your memory of the material. This method is effective for a wide range of subjects and can be implemented with tools like flashcards and quizzes."[2]

Mnemonic devices

See also: Mnemonic

The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.[3][4][5]

A mnemonic device (memory device), is any learning technique that assists someone's memory.

Mnemonic device training and brain changes

Articles:

Findings:

  • The top participants of the annual World Memory Championships regularly demonstrate the ability to memorize hundreds of words, digits, or other abstract information units within minutes.
  • Of the 23 athletes, 17 participated in a word learning task under fMRI conditions where they demonstrated their superior memory abilities compared to controls (70.8 ± 0.6 versus 39.9 ± 3.6 of 72 words correctly recalled 20 min after encoding; median, 72 versus 41; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.001, r = 0.62).
  • Brain changes: "Memory skills strongly differ across the general population; however, little is known about the brain characteristics supporting superior memory performance. Here we assess functional brain network organization of 23 of the world’s most successful memory athletes and matched controls with fMRI during both task-free resting state baseline and active memory encoding. We demonstrate that, in a group of naive controls, functional connectivity changes induced by 6 weeks of mnemonic training were correlated with the network organization that distinguishes athletes from controls."
  • True to their name, the memory champions missed only two words on average when recalling the list 20 minutes later, whereas their controls missed nearly half.

Journal articles

See also

External links

References

<references>

References

<references>

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. Psychology in Your Life. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.
  2. ↑ Spaced repetition
  3. ↑ The Human Body: God's Masterpiece
  4. ↑ The Enigmatic Human Brain by Wallace G. Smith
  5. ↑ The Most Complex Structure, Creation Moments
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