Changes

'''Quasars''' (abbreviation for of "quasi-stellar radio source") or '''QSOs''' (quasi-stellar object) are generally identified as very bright star-like objects with 'large' [[redshift]]s and large variations in luminosity on time-scales of months to days and even hours. These 'large' emission-line redshifts are on a non-thermal continuum, i.e. the [[spectrum]] of [[radiation]] from the ''source'' cannot be described as originating from the thermal energy of the [[gas]]es in its [[atmosphere]], such as is found in ''normal'' [[star]]s as our [[Sun]].     

'''Quasars''' (abbreviation for of "quasi-stellar radio source") or '''QSOs''' (quasi-stellar object) are generally identified as very bright star-like objects with 'large' [[redshift]]s and large variations in luminosity on time-scales of months to days and even hours. These 'large' emission-line redshifts are on a non-thermal continuum, i.e. the [[spectrum]] of [[radiation]] from the ''source'' cannot be described as originating from the thermal energy of the [[gas]]es in its [[atmosphere]], such as is found in ''normal'' [[star]]s as our [[Sun]].     

According to [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] the terms 'large' and 'star-like' are however never adequately defined and there have been already identified many lower-redshift QSOs, some with ''fuzz'' (i.e. stars) around their central [[nuclei]]. This causes problems for usual interpretation as fuzz should not be visible at the cosmological distances indicated by their redshifts and the [[Hubble law]]. The standard belief of modern [[astrophysics]] is that quasars are systems of accreted matter around super-massive [[black hole]]s and their redshifts are ''cosmological'' in origin, i.e. related to distance. The high values of these redshifts should indicate the vast cosmological distances from Earth.  

According to [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] the terms 'large' and 'star-like' are however never adequately defined and there have been already identified many lower-redshift QSOs, some with ''fuzz'' (i.e. stars) around their central [[nuclei]]. This causes problems for usual interpretation as fuzz should not be visible at the cosmological distances indicated by their redshifts and the [[Hubble Law]]. The standard belief of modern [[astrophysics]] is that quasars are systems of accreted matter around super-massive [[black hole]]s and their redshifts are ''cosmological'' in origin, i.e. related to distance. The high values of these redshifts should indicate the vast cosmological distances from Earth.  

Many quasars however indicate the association to galaxies which do not have large redshifts. Some astronomers thus question whether the large redshifts of quasars is truly related to distance (i.e. cosmological redshift), a fortiori since the inference of large distances imposes a number of contradictory conclusions, including:

Many quasars however indicate the association to galaxies which do not have large redshifts. Some astronomers thus question whether the large redshifts of quasars is truly related to distance (i.e. cosmological redshift), a fortiori since the inference of large distances imposes a number of contradictory conclusions, including:

*'''Massive luminosity''': Most QSOs have large redshifts and if interpreted as a measure of distance according to the [[Hubble law]], that would place them with unreasonably high luminosities ~100 times those of normal galaxies. These facts led to what was called the Comptom paradox or inverse-Comptom catastrophe, a physically impossible state due to the very high radiation densities in these sources.   

*'''Massive luminosity''': Most QSOs have large redshifts and if interpreted as a measure of distance according to the [[Hubble Law]], that would place them with unreasonably high luminosities ~100 times those of normal galaxies. These facts led to what was called the Comptom paradox or inverse-Comptom catastrophe, a physically impossible state due to the very high radiation densities in these sources.   

*'''Excessively rapid rotation'''  

*'''Excessively rapid rotation'''  

*'''Expansion of jets at greater than the speed of light''': Radio-astronomers have measured outward motions of structures (''jets'') within QSOs over several years. On some occasions these measurements suggested the jet components should be moving at 10 times the speed of light. There have been many weak arguments presented to counter this assertions which would become unnecessary if the ''intrinsic'' component in the redshift (see below) would be assumed instead of preserving the conventional distance-based redshift interpretation for quasars.   

*'''Expansion of jets at greater than the speed of light''': Radio-astronomers have measured outward motions of structures (''jets'') within QSOs over several years. On some occasions these measurements suggested the jet components should be moving at 10 times the speed of light. There have been many weak arguments presented to counter this assertions which would become unnecessary if the ''intrinsic'' component in the redshift (see below) would be assumed instead of preserving the conventional distance-based redshift interpretation for quasars.