Difference between revisions of "Euroskepticism"

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(Created page with "'''Euroskepticism''' refers to the political philosophy opposed to the European Union and its increasingly centralized, federalist, and socialist powers. Most Eurosceptics...")
 
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Euroskepticism has its roots in the political and economic unification and integration of the [[European Union]].<ref name="Britannica">Michael Ray. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euroskepticism Euroskepticism]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref>
 
Euroskepticism has its roots in the political and economic unification and integration of the [[European Union]].<ref name="Britannica">Michael Ray. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euroskepticism Euroskepticism]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref>
  
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===1990s surge===
 
One could see Euroskepticism in action in the 1990s, when the [[Maastricht Treaty]] was being adopted by EU nations.<ref name="Britannica"/> [[Denmark]] rejected the treaty, and [[France]] barely approved it.<ref name="Britannica"/> Additionally, [[Switzerland]] rejected joining the European Economic Area in 1992,<ref name="Arm's length">Miserez, Marc-Andre (December 2, 2012). [http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/20-years-on_switzerland-poised-to-keep-eu-at-arm-s-length/34083578 Switzerland poised to keep EU at arm's length]. ''Swissinfo''. Retrieved August 16, 2016.</ref><ref name="CH&EU">[https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/publications/EuropaeischeAngelegenheiten/Schweiz-und-EU_en.pdf Switzerland and the European Union] (PDF) (2nd ed.). ''Federal Department of Foreign Affairs''. 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.</ref> and [[Norway]] rejected a referendum to join the EU.<ref name="Britannica"/> Many Euroskeptic parties grew during this period.<ref name="Britannica"/>
 
One could see Euroskepticism in action in the 1990s, when the [[Maastricht Treaty]] was being adopted by EU nations.<ref name="Britannica"/> [[Denmark]] rejected the treaty, and [[France]] barely approved it.<ref name="Britannica"/> Additionally, [[Switzerland]] rejected joining the European Economic Area in 1992,<ref name="Arm's length">Miserez, Marc-Andre (December 2, 2012). [http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/20-years-on_switzerland-poised-to-keep-eu-at-arm-s-length/34083578 Switzerland poised to keep EU at arm's length]. ''Swissinfo''. Retrieved August 16, 2016.</ref><ref name="CH&EU">[https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/publications/EuropaeischeAngelegenheiten/Schweiz-und-EU_en.pdf Switzerland and the European Union] (PDF) (2nd ed.). ''Federal Department of Foreign Affairs''. 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.</ref> and [[Norway]] rejected a referendum to join the EU.<ref name="Britannica"/> Many Euroskeptic parties grew during this period.<ref name="Britannica"/>
  
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===2010s surge===
 
A new wave of Euroskepticism<ref>Mutliple references:
 
A new wave of Euroskepticism<ref>Mutliple references:
 
*Murray, Douglas (October 3, 2015). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/euroscepticism-is-growing-all-over-europe/# Euroscepticism is growing all over Europe]. ''The Spectator''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
 
*Murray, Douglas (October 3, 2015). [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/euroscepticism-is-growing-all-over-europe/# Euroscepticism is growing all over Europe]. ''The Spectator''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
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*Foster, Peter (June 7, 2016). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/07/its-not-just-the-brits-euroscepticism-on-the-rise-all-across-eur/ It's not just the Brits: Euroscepticism on the rise all across Europe, major survey shows]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
 
*Foster, Peter (June 7, 2016). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/07/its-not-just-the-brits-euroscepticism-on-the-rise-all-across-eur/ It's not just the Brits: Euroscepticism on the rise all across Europe, major survey shows]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
 
*Boffey, Daniel (March 3, 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/03/brexit-has-put-other-leaders-off-wanting-to-leave-says-ec-vice-president Rising Euroscepticism 'poses existential threat to EU']. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> resulted from the [[Eurozone Crisis]], which began in 2009, and the [[European migrant crisis]], which began a few years later. Euroskeptic parties performed strongly in the 2014 European parliament elections,<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/05/26/after-euroskeptic-rise-muddles-european-union-future-eu-leaders-must-find-way.html After Euroskeptic rise muddles European Union's future, EU leaders must find a way out]. ''Fox News''. May 26, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27559714 Eurosceptic 'earthquake' rocks EU elections]. ''BBC''. May 26, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28107633 How Eurosceptic is the new European Parliament?]. ''BBC''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref><ref>Synon, M.E. (July 26, 2014). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2014/05/26/on-the-continent-germany-france-and-the-earthquake/ On the Continent: Germany, France and the earthquake]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> with Euroskeptic parties in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results UK European election results]. ''BBC''. Retrieved September 8, 2016.</ref> France,<ref>McPartland, Ben (May 25, 2014). [https://www.thelocal.fr/20140525/live-european-elections European Elections 2014: National Front tops vote]. ''The Local''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> and Denmark<ref>Alexander, Harriet (May 26, 2014). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/denmark/10856160/EU-election-2014-Danish-eurosceptic-Peoples-Party-wins-and-calls-for-alliance-with-Cameron.html EU election 2014: Danish eurosceptic People's Party wins - and calls for alliance with Cameron]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> gaining the most seats in their respective countries.
 
*Boffey, Daniel (March 3, 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/03/brexit-has-put-other-leaders-off-wanting-to-leave-says-ec-vice-president Rising Euroscepticism 'poses existential threat to EU']. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> resulted from the [[Eurozone Crisis]], which began in 2009, and the [[European migrant crisis]], which began a few years later. Euroskeptic parties performed strongly in the 2014 European parliament elections,<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/05/26/after-euroskeptic-rise-muddles-european-union-future-eu-leaders-must-find-way.html After Euroskeptic rise muddles European Union's future, EU leaders must find a way out]. ''Fox News''. May 26, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27559714 Eurosceptic 'earthquake' rocks EU elections]. ''BBC''. May 26, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28107633 How Eurosceptic is the new European Parliament?]. ''BBC''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref><ref>Synon, M.E. (July 26, 2014). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2014/05/26/on-the-continent-germany-france-and-the-earthquake/ On the Continent: Germany, France and the earthquake]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> with Euroskeptic parties in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results UK European election results]. ''BBC''. Retrieved September 8, 2016.</ref> France,<ref>McPartland, Ben (May 25, 2014). [https://www.thelocal.fr/20140525/live-european-elections European Elections 2014: National Front tops vote]. ''The Local''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> and Denmark<ref>Alexander, Harriet (May 26, 2014). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/denmark/10856160/EU-election-2014-Danish-eurosceptic-Peoples-Party-wins-and-calls-for-alliance-with-Cameron.html EU election 2014: Danish eurosceptic People's Party wins - and calls for alliance with Cameron]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref> gaining the most seats in their respective countries.
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In the 2015 Swiss federal elections, the [[Swiss People's Party]] received 29.4 percent of the vote and 65 seats in the 200-seat National Council, a record amount for the party.<ref name="SlideToRight">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/switzerland/11939953/Anti-immigration-party-wins-Swiss-election-in-slide-to-the-Right.html Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right']. ''The Telegraph'' (originally by ''Reuters''). October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/10/19/swiss-parliament-shifts-to-right-in-vote-dominated-by-migrant-surge/ Swiss Parliament Shifts To Right In Vote Dominated By Migrant Surge]. ''Breitbart'' (by ''AFP''). October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2016.</ref> No Swiss political party had exceeded the SVP's share of the vote in at least a century, and no party received more seats in the National Council since 1963, when the number of seats was established at 200.<ref name="SlideToRight"/>
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In the first round of the 2016 [[Austria]]n presidential election, [[Freedom Party of Austria]] candidate [[Norbert Hofer]] received 35.1 percent of the vote, which at the time was the party's best result in a national election in history.<ref>Troianovski, Anton (April 25, 2016). [http://www.wsj.com/articles/european-right-gets-boost-from-austrian-freedom-party-victory-1461598555 European Right Gets Boost From Austrian Freedom Party Victory]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</ref> Hofer lost the run-off election by less than one percentage point,<ref>Troianovski, Anton (June 1, 2016). [http://www.wsj.com/articles/austrian-court-orders-rerun-of-presidential-vote-1467369788 Austrian Court Orders Rerun of Presidential Vote]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</ref> and again received a relatively large percentage for a Euroskeptic party in a rerun later that year.<ref>Oliphant, Roland; Cseko, Balazs (December 4, 2016). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/05/time-comes-says-defiant-austrian-far-right-freedom-party-claims/ Austrian far-right defiant as Freedom Party claims 'pole position' for general election: 'Our time comes']. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</ref>
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On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom [[Brexit|voted to leave]] the EU.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/24/major-british-broadcasters-project-great-britain-will-leave-european-union.html WHAT NOW? 'Brexit' vote puts Britain, EU in uncharted territory]. ''Fox News''. June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</ref>
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[[French National Front]] candidate [[Marine Le Pen]] received second place in the first round of the 2017 French election on April 23 with over 21% of the vote, meaning she advanced to the second round to face liberal [[Globalism|globalist]] candidate [[Emmanuel Macron]].<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/23/french-presidential-election-le-pen-macron-projected-as-winners-in-first-round.html French presidential election: Le Pen, Macron win first round to advance to runoff]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 23, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2017/apr/23/french-presidential-election-results-2017-latest French election first round results 2017 – Macron and Le Pen go through]. ''The Guardian''. April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Berton, Elena (April 23, 2017). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/23/emmanuel-macron-marine-le-pen-in-runoff-for-french/ French voters reject establishment, send Macron and Le Pen to presidential runoff]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved April 24, 2017.</ref> Le Pen]lost the election with just under 34% of the vote, the election was a victory for her in a sense as it showed that she, her party, and their ideas had entered and were influencing the French mainstream.<ref>Mohdin, Aamna (May 8, 2017). [https://qz.com/975521/marine-le-pen-lost-the-vote-but-she-won-something-better/ Marine Le Pen lost the vote but she won something better]. ''Quartz''. Retrieved May 8, 2017.</ref> Soon after the election, it was revealed that even if Le Pen had won, the [[liberal elite]] in France would have taken steps to keep her from actually welding power.<ref>Dettmer, Jamie (May 19, 2017). [http://www.voanews.com/a/french-officials-secret-plan-marine-le-pen-win-media-says/3861923.html Media: French Officials Had Secret Plan in Event of Le Pen Win]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved May 22, 2017.</ref>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 16:21, July 10, 2017

Euroskepticism refers to the political philosophy opposed to the European Union and its increasingly centralized, federalist, and socialist powers. Most Eurosceptics are conservative, libertarian, and populist, although some people on the left also held to their own version of Euroskepticism. Adherents of Euroskepticism are known as Euroskeptics.

History

Euroskepticism has its roots in the political and economic unification and integration of the European Union.[1]

1990s surge

One could see Euroskepticism in action in the 1990s, when the Maastricht Treaty was being adopted by EU nations.[1] Denmark rejected the treaty, and France barely approved it.[1] Additionally, Switzerland rejected joining the European Economic Area in 1992,[2][3] and Norway rejected a referendum to join the EU.[1] Many Euroskeptic parties grew during this period.[1]

2010s surge

A new wave of Euroskepticism[4] resulted from the Eurozone Crisis, which began in 2009, and the European migrant crisis, which began a few years later. Euroskeptic parties performed strongly in the 2014 European parliament elections,[5][6][7][8] with Euroskeptic parties in the United Kingdom,[9] France,[10] and Denmark[11] gaining the most seats in their respective countries.

In the 2015 Swiss federal elections, the Swiss People's Party received 29.4 percent of the vote and 65 seats in the 200-seat National Council, a record amount for the party.[12][13] No Swiss political party had exceeded the SVP's share of the vote in at least a century, and no party received more seats in the National Council since 1963, when the number of seats was established at 200.[12]

In the first round of the 2016 Austrian presidential election, Freedom Party of Austria candidate Norbert Hofer received 35.1 percent of the vote, which at the time was the party's best result in a national election in history.[14] Hofer lost the run-off election by less than one percentage point,[15] and again received a relatively large percentage for a Euroskeptic party in a rerun later that year.[16]

On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU.[17]

French National Front candidate Marine Le Pen received second place in the first round of the 2017 French election on April 23 with over 21% of the vote, meaning she advanced to the second round to face liberal globalist candidate Emmanuel Macron.[18][19][20] Le Pen]lost the election with just under 34% of the vote, the election was a victory for her in a sense as it showed that she, her party, and their ideas had entered and were influencing the French mainstream.[21] Soon after the election, it was revealed that even if Le Pen had won, the liberal elite in France would have taken steps to keep her from actually welding power.[22]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Michael Ray. Euroskepticism. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  2. ↑ Miserez, Marc-Andre (December 2, 2012). Switzerland poised to keep EU at arm's length. Swissinfo. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  3. ↑ Switzerland and the European Union (PDF) (2nd ed.). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  4. ↑ Mutliple references:
  5. ↑ After Euroskeptic rise muddles European Union's future, EU leaders must find a way out. Fox News. May 26, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  6. ↑ Eurosceptic 'earthquake' rocks EU elections. BBC. May 26, 2014.
  7. ↑ How Eurosceptic is the new European Parliament?. BBC. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  8. ↑ Synon, M.E. (July 26, 2014). On the Continent: Germany, France and the earthquake. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  9. ↑ UK European election results. BBC. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  10. ↑ McPartland, Ben (May 25, 2014). European Elections 2014: National Front tops vote. The Local. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  11. ↑ Alexander, Harriet (May 26, 2014). EU election 2014: Danish eurosceptic People's Party wins - and calls for alliance with Cameron. The Telegraph. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right'. The Telegraph (originally by Reuters). October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  13. ↑ Swiss Parliament Shifts To Right In Vote Dominated By Migrant Surge. Breitbart (by AFP). October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  14. ↑ Troianovski, Anton (April 25, 2016). European Right Gets Boost From Austrian Freedom Party Victory. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  15. ↑ Troianovski, Anton (June 1, 2016). Austrian Court Orders Rerun of Presidential Vote. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  16. ↑ Oliphant, Roland; Cseko, Balazs (December 4, 2016). Austrian far-right defiant as Freedom Party claims 'pole position' for general election: 'Our time comes'. The Telegraph. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  17. ↑ WHAT NOW? 'Brexit' vote puts Britain, EU in uncharted territory. Fox News. June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  18. ↑ French presidential election: Le Pen, Macron win first round to advance to runoff. Fox News. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  19. ↑ French election first round results 2017 – Macron and Le Pen go through. The Guardian. April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  20. ↑ Berton, Elena (April 23, 2017). French voters reject establishment, send Macron and Le Pen to presidential runoff. The Washington Times. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  21. ↑ Mohdin, Aamna (May 8, 2017). Marine Le Pen lost the vote but she won something better. Quartz. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  22. ↑ Dettmer, Jamie (May 19, 2017). Media: French Officials Had Secret Plan in Event of Le Pen Win. Voice of America. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
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