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[[File:Textus Receptus by Erasmus.jpeg|thumb|The last page of the 1516 edition of Textus Receptus by Erasmus. A Latin translation by Erasmus is on the right.]]'''Textus Receptus''', or "Received Text," was a [[Greek]] text of the [[New Testament]] that was used by translators of the [[Reformation]] era. The earliest edition was published by [[Erasmus]] in 1516 in [[Basel]]. It was based on manuscripts available locally. Erasmus made numerous corrections in succeeding editions. For the fourth edition, he consulted the ''Complutensian Polyglot Bible,'' which is based on manuscripts kept at the Vatican Library in Rome. Erasmus published a fifth and final edition in 1536.

[[File:Textus Receptus by Erasmus.jpeg|thumb|The last page of the 1516 edition of Textus Receptus by Erasmus. A Latin translation by Erasmus is on the right.]]'''Textus Receptus''', or "Received Text," was a [[Greek]] text of the [[New Testament]] created by [[Erasmus]]. It was was used by translators of the [[Reformation]] era, including [[Martin Luther]], [[William Tyndale]], and the translators of the [[King James Version]]. The earliest edition was published in 1516 in [[Basel]]. It was based on manuscripts available locally. Erasmus made numerous corrections in succeeding editions. For the fourth edition, he consulted the ''Complutensian Polyglot Bible,'' which is based on manuscripts kept at the Vatican Library in Rome. Erasmus published a fifth and final edition in 1536.

The classic edition of TR is the ''Editio Regia'' (royal edition) of 1550 by Robert Stephanus. The Greek is based on the later editions by Erasmus. Stephanus added footnotes with alternative readings from other manuscripts. The [[King James Version]] is based on a 1598 edition by [[Theodore Beza]]. Beza reprinted the Greek text and footnotes from ''Editio Regia'' and added a Latin translation of his own.<ref name="Greek">"[https://deeperstudy.blogspot.com/2007/10/steve-i-have-been-trying-to-find-which.html Greek Text Behind the King James (Authorised Version)]"</ref>

The classic edition of TR is the ''Editio Regia'' (royal edition) of 1550 by Robert Stephanus. The Greek is based on the later editions by Erasmus. Stephanus added footnotes with alternative readings from other manuscripts. The [[King James Version]] is based on a 1598 edition by [[Theodore Beza]]. Beza reprinted the Greek text and footnotes from ''Editio Regia'' and added a Latin translation of his own.<ref name="Greek">"[https://deeperstudy.blogspot.com/2007/10/steve-i-have-been-trying-to-find-which.html Greek Text Behind the King James (Authorised Version)]"</ref>

The gospels were taken directly from Codex 2^e, Acts and epistles from 2^ap, and Revelation from 1^r. Where these manuscripts had gaps, back-translations from the [[Vulgate]] were used. In fact, 2^e and 2^ap were sent directly to the printer for typesetting. Erasmus’ handwritten annotations can be seen between the lines, although the printer often ignored these. 1^r could not be treated this way because it mixes text and annotation. Erasmus separated these by referring to the Vulgate. As a result of this haphazard process, there were numerous typographical errors in the first edition.

The gospels were taken directly from Codex 2^e, Acts and epistles from 2^ap, and Revelation from 1^r. Where these manuscripts had gaps, back-translations from the [[Vulgate]] were used. In fact, 2^e and 2^ap were sent directly to the printer for typesetting. Erasmus’ handwritten annotations can be seen between the lines, although the printer often ignored these. 1^r could not be treated this way because it mixes text and annotation. Erasmus separated these by referring to the Vulgate. As a result of this haphazard process, there were numerous typographical errors in the first edition.

Some four hundred corrections were made for the second edition (1519). Erasmus obtained access to 3^eap, a nearly complete New Testament text. But there is no indication that he made much use of it. The second edition is the basis for [[Martin Luther]]'s German translation.

Some four hundred corrections were made for the second edition (1519). Erasmus obtained access to 3^eap, a nearly complete New Testament text. But there is no indication that he made much use of it. The second edition is the basis for Luther's German translation.

Many readers criticized the first two editions of TR because they lacked the [[Johannine Comma]] found in Latin manuscripts that circulated at the time.<ref>"the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one." ({{bibleverse|1|John|5:7–8|NKJV}}).</ref> Out of hundreds of Greek manuscripts, this trinitarian passage is found in only four, none of them earlier than the 14th century.<ref>"It is found in only four Greek manuscripts, none earlier than the 14th century. 4 other Greek mss. offer it as a margin note. The remaining Greek mss., numbering in the hundreds, do not include it." ("[http://www.tektonics.org/af/comma.php The Comma of 1 John 5:7].")</ref>  

Many readers criticized the first two editions of TR because they lacked the [[Johannine Comma]] found in Latin manuscripts that circulated at the time.<ref>"the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one." ({{bibleverse|1|John|5:7–8|NKJV}}).</ref> Out of hundreds of Greek manuscripts, this trinitarian passage is found in only four, none of them earlier than the 14th century.<ref>"It is found in only four Greek manuscripts, none earlier than the 14th century. 4 other Greek mss. offer it as a margin note. The remaining Greek mss., numbering in the hundreds, do not include it." ("[http://www.tektonics.org/af/comma.php The Comma of 1 John 5:7].")</ref>  

Erasmus added the Johannine Comma to the third edition (1522), citing Codex 61. This was a recently produced manuscript, possibly produced in response to TR. Although Erasmus was skeptical of this manuscript, he thought it wiser to reverse himself. This edition is the basis of [[William Tyndale]]'s ''Geneva Bible'', which influenced the KJV.<ref>Moynahan, Brian, (2011) ''Book of Fire: William Tyndale, Thomas Moore, and the Bloody Birth of the English Bible'', "Tyndale’s primary source was Erasmus’s Greek New Testament, already in its third edition by 1524."</ref>

Erasmus added the Johannine Comma to the third edition (1522), citing Codex 61. This was a recently produced manuscript, possibly produced in response to TR. Although Erasmus was skeptical of this manuscript, he thought it wiser to reverse himself. This edition is the basis of Tyndale's ''Geneva Bible'', which influenced the KJV.<ref>Moynahan, Brian, (2011) ''Book of Fire: William Tyndale, Thomas Moore, and the Bloody Birth of the English Bible'', "Tyndale’s primary source was Erasmus’s Greek New Testament, already in its third edition by 1524."</ref>

For the 1527 edition, Erasmus made extensive revisions based on the ''Complutensian Polyglot'', a text edited by Jiménez de Cisneros and based on manuscripts kept at the Vatican library. A final edition was published in 1535.

For the 1527 edition, Erasmus made extensive revisions based on the ''Complutensian Polyglot'', a text edited by Jiménez de Cisneros and based on manuscripts kept at the Vatican library. A final edition was published in 1535.