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Line 309: − + + + + + + − Alarmed at high rates of divorce within the Christian community, the Family Research Council tried to reverse that trend. They found that 85 percent of Christian couples either had no premarital counseling or only met once with their pastor. Considering this to be unacceptable, they put together programs that require a minimum of 4 months premarital preparation including the taking of a premarital inventory and meeting with mentor couples. This caused divorce rates to drop by 30% to 50% for those couples who adhered to the program.<ref>''Southern California Christian Times'', Feb 2000, Pg 14</ref>+ + + + + + + − == Covenant Marriage ==+ − In order to help solve the social problems created by inordinately high divorce rates, some states have begun passing laws enabling [[covenant marriage]]s. A covenant marriage in some cases is harder to obtain than a default lawful marriage license and also is more difficult to break (the common exceptions being abuse, abandonment or adultery).<ref>http://marriage.about.com/cs/covenantmarriage/a/covenant.htm</ref>
Reverted edits by RobSmith (talk) to last revision by Conservative
[[File:Divorce-and-relationship-separation.jpg|thumbnail|301px|right|[[Liberals]], [[leftism|leftists]] and atheists have consistently gotten divorced at higher rates than social [[conservatives]], which some say strains the sanctity of [[marriage]].
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For more information, please see: [[Atheism and divorce]] ]]
'''Divorce''' is the [[legal]] dissolution of a [[marriage]].
'''Divorce''' is the [[legal]] dissolution of a [[marriage]].
[[Liberals]] have consistently gotten divorced at higher rates than social [[conservatives]], which some say strains the sanctity of [[marriage]].
[[Liberals]] have consistently gotten divorced at higher rates than social [[conservatives]], which some say strains the sanctity of [[marriage]].
== Divorce, single-parent households and its negative effects on children ==
''See also:'' [[Divorce, single-parent households and its negative effects on children]]
The nonprofit Annie E. Casie Foundation notes:
{{Cquote|Single-parent families — and especially mother-only households — are more likely to live in poverty compared to married-parent households. Given this, kids of single parents are more likely to experience the [https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25246/a-roadmap-to-reducing-child-poverty consequences of growing up poor]. Children in poverty are more likely to have physical, mental and behavioral health problems, disrupted brain development, shorter educational trajectories, contact with the child welfare and justice systems, employment challenges in adulthood and more.
Many families are low-income but sit above the federally-defined poverty line. Children from these families often face similar challenges and live in communities with limited access to quality health care, comprehensive support services and enriching activities...
Kids from single-parent families are more likely to face emotional and behavioral health challenges — like aggression or engaging in high-risk behaviors — when compared to peers raised by married parents. Research has linked these health challenges with factors often associated with single-parent families, such as parental stress, lost social networks, witnessing conflict, moving homes and socioeconomic hurdles.
Children of single mothers may face additional challenges. For instance: Depression, which can negatively impact parenting, is common among recently divorced mothers.
Such hardships would be difficult for any child. But kids can recover and thrive — particularly when raised with the benefits of nurturing relationships, stability, and mental health support.<ref>[https://www.aecf.org/blog/child-well-being-in-single-parent-families#:~:text=Potential%20Emotional%20and%20Behavioral%20Impact,peers%20raised%20by%20married%20parents. Child Well-Being in Single-Parent Families], Annie E. Casie Foundation website</ref>}}
The [[Heritage Foundation]]'s article [https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/report/the-real-root-causes-violent-crime-the-breakdown-marriage-family-and The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community] points out that the divorce is a causal factor for violent crime.
== Causes of divorce and lowering the divorce rate ==
''See also:'' [[Causes of divorce]]
=== Personality disorders and divorce ===
''See also:'' [[Personality disorders and divorce]] and [[Histrionic personality disorder and divorce]] and [[Paranoid personality disorder and divorce]]
About 9% of the population has at least one [[personality disorder]].<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/ Histrionic Personality Disorder], National Library of Medicine</ref>
A [[histrionic personality disorder]] (HPD) is a mental health condition marked by unstable emotions, a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed. People with HPD often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention.<ref>[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9743-histrionic-personality-disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder], Cleveland Clinic</ref>
A [[paranoid personality disorder]] (PPD) is a mental health condition marked by a pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious. People with PPD are always on guard, believing that others are constantly trying to demean, harm or threaten them.<ref>[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9784-paranoid-personality-disorder Paranoid personality disorder], Cleveland Clinic</ref>
The abstract for the journal article ''Personality Disorder Symptoms Are Differentially Related to Divorce Frequency'' states:
:"Divorce is associated with a multitude of outcomes related to health and well-being. Data from a representative community sample (N = 1,241) of St. Louis residents (ages 55–64) were used to examine associations between personality pathology and divorce in late midlife. Symptoms of the 10 DSM–IV personality disorders were assessed with the Structured Interview for DSM–IV Personality and the Multisource Assessment of Personality Pathology (both self and informant versions). Multiple regression analyses showed [[Paranoid personality disorder|Paranoia]] and [[Histrionic personality disorder]] symptoms to be consistently and positively associated with number of divorces across all three sources of personality assessment. Conversely, Avoidant personality disorder symptoms were negatively associated with number of divorces. The present paper provides new information about the relationship between divorce and personality pathology at a developmental stage that is understudied in both domains."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569846/ Personality Disorder Symptoms Are Differentially Related to Divorce Frequency] by Krystle L., Disney, Yana Weinstein, and Thomas F. Oltmanns, ''Journal of Family Psychology''. 2012 Dec; 26(6): 959–965.doi: 10.1037/a0030446</ref>
Alarmed at high rates of divorce within the Christian community, the Family Research Council tried to reverse that trend. They found that 85 percent of Christian couples either had no premarital counseling or only met once with their pastor. Considering this to be unacceptable, they put together programs that require a minimum of 4 months premarital preparation including the taking of a premarital inventory and meeting with mentor couples. This caused divorce rates to drop by 30% to 50% for those couples who adhered to the program.<ref>''Southern California Christian Times'', Feb 2000, Pg 14</ref>
=== Poor communication/interpersonal skills and divorce ===
In 2021, Sandra Aponte, MA, RMHCI wrote the article ''The 4 Communication Styles That Lead To Divorce With 90% Accuracy'' which indicated:
{{Cquote|The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are considered metaphorical figures in the New Testament’s final book of Revelation. Written down by John of Patmos after receiving a vision from God, they detail pestilence, war, famine, and death — kicking off a divine countdown for the end of the world and the Last Judgement.
Inspired by the ominous signs of this biblical vision, Dr. John Gottman describes his divorce-predicting research by the same name. More specifically, the communication styles that predicted the end of a relationship with [https://www.gottman.com/about/research/couples/ 90% accuracy]. His incredible research was completed with the assistance of 3,000 couples — who he followed and studied for over 20 years. As such, he was able to predict which couples would stay together, and which ones would end up divorcing within 6 years of the wedding.
The four communication styles were:
*Criticism: when you attack or criticize the character of your partner
*Defensiveness: a response to criticism — it is when you come up with excuses and play the victim
*Contempt: when you make your partner feel worthless through disrespect and non-verbal cues
*Stonewalling: a response to contempt — it is when you shut down, stop responding to your partner and completely withdraw<ref>''[https://medium.com/youmeus/the-4-communication-styles-that-lead-to-divorce-with-90-accuracy-c36ea6f8f2c9 The 4 Communication Styles That Lead To Divorce With 90% Accuracy]'' by Sandra Aponte, MA, RMHCI </ref>}}
=== Alcoholism and divorce ===
''See also:'' [[Divorce and alcoholism]]
According to the article ''The Link Between Alcoholism and Divorce'':
{{Cquote|Regarding the correlation between alcoholism and divorce, the real issue seems to arise when only one spouse is the heavy drinker in the marriage. Studies have shown that when one spouse has a drinking problem, the couple is much more likely to divorce.
For example, according to a study published in May 2014 in the [http://www.jsad.com/toc/jsad/75/3 Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs], researchers from the University of Michigan found that nearly half of the more than 17,000 study participants with a history of alcoholism got a divorce at some point in their lives, while only 30% of the participants who were not affected by serious alcohol problems got a divorce.
The consequences of periodic or ongoing excessive drinking can lead to the deterioration of the communication channels, as well as the intimate relationship between the couple. Specific manifestations of such deterioration may include arguments, serious financial problems, acts of infidelity and acts of violence.<ref>[https://www.araglegal.com/individuals/learning-center/topics/family-and-relationships/link-between-alcoholism-and-divorce ''The Link Between Alcoholism and Divorce'']</ref>}}
== Primary Biblical Statements==
== Primary Biblical Statements==
=== Atheism and divorce ===
=== Atheism and divorce ===
See: [[Atheism and divorce]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism and divorce]] and [[Atheism, divorce, love and poor interpersonal skills]]
[[File:Richard Dawkins in 2006.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|thumbnail|320px|right|The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] was leading figure in the [[Elevatorgate]] controversy.
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Richard Dawkins has been divorced three times. See: [[Atheism and divorce]] and [[Richard Dawkins and women]] ]]
The [[Atheism and divorce|atheist divorce rate]] is a steep 37%.<ref name="Caputo">{{cite web |last1=Caputo |first1=Michael |title=Post Scriptum to Original Article, "Atheism and Divorce." |url=http://atheismexposed.tripod.com/atheists_divorce.htm |publisher=Atheism Exposed |date=2008}}</ref> Additionally, 51% of atheists are likely to [[Cohabitation|cohabit]] and 31% of atheists never actually get married.<ref name="Caputo"/> Christian apologist Michael Caputo wrote: "Recently the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life has published its mammoth study on Religion in America based on 35,000 interviews... According to the Pew Forum a whopping 37% of [[atheism|atheists]] never marry as opposed to 19% of the American population, 17% of Protestants and 17% of Catholics."<ref>https://creation.com/atheism</ref>
Scientific research has demonstrated that active churchgoers are "35% less likely to divorce than those who have no religious preferences".<ref>{{cite web |title=Is the divorce rate among Christians truly the same as among non-Christians? |url=https://www.gotquestions.org/Christian-divorce-rate.html |publisher=GotQuestions.org}}</ref>
According to the 2001 [[American Religious Identification Survey]] (ARIS) over 50% of all atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] don’t get married.<ref>https://creation.com/atheism</ref> See also: [[Atheism and marriage]]
The fertility rate is significantly lower in the atheist population (see: [[Atheism and fertility rates]]).
In relation to [[atheism and divorce]], Vox Day wrote in his book ''The Irrational Atheist'' about atheist [[Daniel Dennett]]'s arguments related to divorce:
{{Cquote|Dennett further claims that “[[Brights Movement|brights]]” have better family values than born-again Christians based on “the lowest divorce rate in the United States” which depends on the flawed 1999 Barna study instead of the 2001 ARIS study he makes use of later in the book, a much larger study that reaches precisely the opposite conclusion. It is certainly a quixotic assertion, considering that these family value atheists are half as likely to get married, twice as likely to divorce, and have fewer children than any other group in the United States...
Barna calculated divorces as a percentage of the entire group, not as a percentage of marriages within that group. Since according to ARIS 2001 more than half of all atheists and agnostics don’t get married, this is an apple-orange comparison. If one correctly excludes the never-married from the calculation, then atheists are 58.7 percent more likely to get divorced than Pentecostals and Baptists, the two born-again Christian groups with the highest rate of divorce, and more than twice as likely to get divorced than Christians in general.<ref>[https://www.chcpublications.net/IrrationalAtheist.pdf The Irrational Atheist: Dissecting the Unholy Trinity of Dawkins, Harris, And Hitchens] by Vox Day, ASIN: 1933771364, Publisher: BenBella Books (March 11, 2008)</ref>}}
For additional information, please see: [[Atheism, divorce, addiction, sexual satisfaction, social skills, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes, and irrationality]]
== Divorce Rate ==
== Divorce Rate ==
In the US, divorce rates vary substantially among the states. According to a Wall Street Journal article,<ref>http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_DIVORCE_20100813.html</ref> the states with the lowest rate of divorce in 2009 were [[Massachusetts]] (1.8 divorces per 1,000 people), the [[District of Columbia]] (2.1), [[Pennsylvania]] (2.3), [[Iowa]] (2.5), and [[New York]] (2.5). Those states with the highest divorce rates were [[Idaho]] (5.0), [[West Virginia]] (5.0), [[Wyoming]] (5.2), [[Arkansas]] (5.6), and [[Nevada]] (6.6).
In the US, divorce rates vary substantially among the states. According to a Wall Street Journal article,<ref>http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_DIVORCE_20100813.html</ref> the states with the lowest rate of divorce in 2009 were [[Massachusetts]] (1.8 divorces per 1,000 people), the [[District of Columbia]] (2.1), [[Pennsylvania]] (2.3), [[Iowa]] (2.5), and [[New York]] (2.5). Those states with the highest divorce rates were [[Idaho]] (5.0), [[West Virginia]] (5.0), [[Wyoming]] (5.2), [[Arkansas]] (5.6), and [[Nevada]] (6.6).
== Lowering the divorce rate ==
== Covenant Marriage ==
In order to help solve the social problems created by inordinately high divorce rates, some states have begun passing laws enabling [[covenant marriage]]s. A covenant marriage in some cases is harder to obtain than a default lawful marriage license and also is more difficult to break (the common exceptions being abuse, abandonment or adultery).<ref>http://marriage.about.com/cs/covenantmarriage/a/covenant.htm</ref>
== Psychological and sociological research about individuals with multiple divorces ==
''See also:'' [[Psychological and sociological research about individuals with multiple divorces]]
The abstract for the journal article ''Personality and multiple divorce. A prospective study.'' indicates:
:"A review of cross-sectional and prospective research in both normal and clinical samples suggests that increased risk of divorce is associated with socially nonconforming, impulsive, and stimulus-seeking personality traits. This exploratory study addresses the question of whether individuals who divorce more than once are especially likely to exhibit such general personality dispositions. Subjects were male physicians (N = 431) who had completed the MMPI before entering medical school and who were followed up more than two decades later by a mail questionnaire that inquired about their health status, health practices, subjective well-being, and marital history. As indicated by higher scores on the MMPI Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) scale and greater likelihood of concurrently reporting several negative health practices (e.g., cigarette smoking), multiply divorced physicians did tend to exhibit greater nonconforming, impulsive, and risk-taking tendencies than both never-divorced and once-divorced physicians. Possible social-psychological processes linking such personality dispositions to the risk of multiple divorce are discussed, along with suggestions for further research."<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3950599/ Personality and multiple divorce. A prospective study], ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease''.1986 Mar;174(3):161-4. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198603000-00006</ref>
[[File:Angry man on the phone.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|[[Narcissistic rage]] is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with [[narcissistic personality disorder]].<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/narcissistic-rage ''What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?''], Healthline.com</ref>]]
=== Narcissism and invididuals who have multiple divorces ===
The abstract for journal article ''Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study'' published in the journal ''Contemporary Family Therapy'' indicates:
{{Cquote|This study focuses on Divorce-Prone individuals and the question of why some persons fail in one marriage after another. The authors studied 12 individuals who had each been divorced two or more times. They found that the cases fell into one of three broad and overlapping groups. The groups have been called the Self-Involved [[Narcissism|Narcissists]], the Compliant Depressed, and the Casualties of Life's Vicissitudes. The individuals and the groups demonstrate a different etiology, different treatment problems, and a very different prognosis.<ref>''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00891873 Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study]'' by Robert M. Counts MD & Anita Sacks MSW, volume 8, pages111–123 (1986)</ref>}}
According to the psychologist Holly Parker who teaches the course "The Psychology of Close Relationships" at [[Harvard University]], "Research does suggest that people who marry multiple times are more likely (than people who do not marry multiple times) to have personality traits and issues with emotional health that make it difficult to maintain satisfying, long-term relationships. That can mean, even if you're not looking for anything lasting, you won't have much fun with a narcissist whose self-absorption and emotional detachment helped end several marriages."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808110458/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-xpm-2013-01-16-sc-fam-0115-dating-divorced-20130115-story.html Dating in an age of multiple divorces] by Richard Asa, ''Chicago Tribune'', January 16, 2013</ref>
= References =
= References =