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Using parallax calculations, the Milky Way galaxy alone can be directly observed to have a diameter of approximately 80-100,000 light years. Calculations based on the observed brightness of supernovas of known energy output can determine the distance to more distant objects. The most distant object known is a star cluster approximately thirteen billion light-years away from Earth, observed by the Hubble telescope using gravitational lensing.<ref>Amos, 2004</ref>

Using parallax calculations, the Milky Way galaxy alone can be directly observed to have a diameter of approximately 80-100,000 light years. Calculations based on the observed brightness of supernovas of known energy output can determine the distance to more distant objects. The most distant object known is a star cluster approximately thirteen billion light-years away from Earth, observed by the Hubble telescope using gravitational lensing.<ref>Amos, 2004</ref>

Although creationists have at times disputed the size of the universe, none propose that it is less than 12,000 light years across.

Although creationists have at times disputed the size of the universe, virtually none propose that it is less than 12,000 light years across.<ref>Fangrad, Richard, 2007.</ref>

== Solutions to the problem ==

== Solutions to the problem ==