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Hede Massing was married to [[Gerhart Eisler]] from 1920 to 1926. Eisler, a longtime member of the German Communist Party (KPD), in the 1930s was the [[Comintern]] representative in the United States. Her second husband was the rich american communist journalist, publisher and sociologist Julian Gumperz. Her third husband was marxist sociologist and KPD cadre [[Paul Massing]].  

Hede Massing was married to [[Gerhart Eisler]] from 1920 to 1926. Eisler, a longtime member of the German Communist Party (KPD), in the 1930s was the [[Comintern]] representative in the United States. Her second husband was the rich american communist journalist, publisher and sociologist Julian Gumperz. Her third husband was marxist sociologist and KPD cadre [[Paul Massing]].  

Hede and Paul Massing in the USA were members of an [[OGPU]] apparatus and functioned under the direction of [[Boris Bazarov]], a Soviet illegal officer based in New York.  Massing was assigned several duties, including that of a courier between the United States and Europe.  However, her most important assignment was that of an agent recruiter, a task she apparently carried out with great skill. Massing was assigned targets for recruitment by her Soviet supervisor.  She used appeals to ideology, especially preying on the strong anti-Nazi sentiments of [[New Deal]] liberals who dominated the Washington scene of the Roosevelt administration in the early 1930s.  [[Laurence Duggan]] was among her recruits.  In 1935 Massing at a Communist cell meeting in a private home argued with [[Alger Hiss ]] over whether [[Noel Field]], a State Department spy, should work with her group or with The [[GRU]].

Hede and Paul Massing in the USA were members of an [[OGPU]] apparatus and functioned under the direction of [[Boris Bazarov]], a Soviet illegal officer based in New York.  Massing was assigned several duties, including that of a courier between the United States and Europe.  However, her most important assignment was that of an agent recruiter, a task she apparently carried out with great skill. Massing was assigned targets for recruitment by her Soviet supervisor.  She used appeals to ideology, especially preying on the strong anti-Nazi sentiments of [[New Deal]] liberals who dominated the Washington scene of the Roosevelt administration in the early 1930s.  In 1935 Hede Massing at a Communist cell meeting in Field's home argued with [[Alger Hiss ]] over whether [[Noel Field]], a State Department communist, should work with her group or with The [[GRU]].

[[Laurence Duggan]] was among Hede Massing's recruits.

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| style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;" | '''This article is part of the'''<br>'''[[Venona project|Venona]]'''<br>'''series.'''

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Massing left the Soviet intelligence apparatus in 1938 after a period of disillusionment with her Russian handlers. Hede Massing did not admit to her work in Soviet espionage until 1947 and testified at the second trial of [[Alger Hiss]]. Covername "Redhead" occurred in Venona as an unidentified in a context that suggests that it was Hede Massing, and was identified as Massing in Robert L. Benson's ''The Venona Story'', page 36.

Massing later said to had left the Soviet intelligence apparatus in 1938 after a period of disillusionment with her Russian handlers, but in fact both she and her husband continued to work for Soviet intelligence until Germany was defeated. Hede Massing did admit to her work in Soviet espionage in 1947, when the police asked her questions about her first husband, Gerhart Eisler. She testified at the second trial of [[Alger Hiss]]. Covername "Redhead" occurred in Venona as an unidentified in a context that suggests that it was Hede Massing, and was identified as Massing in Robert L. Benson's ''The Venona Story'', page 36.

==Redhead group==

==Redhead group==

* [[Laurence Duggan]], head of [[United States Department of State]] Division of American Republics

* [[Laurence Duggan]], head of [[United States Department of State]] Division of American Republics

* [[Hede Massing]], journalist

* Hede Massing, journalist

* [[Paul Massing]], Institute of Social Research Columbia University  

* [[Paul Massing]], Institute of Social Research Columbia University  

* [[Franz Leopold Neumann]], consultant at [[Board of Economic Warfare]]; Deputy Chief of the Central European Section of [[Office of Strategic Services]]; First Chief of research of the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]]

* [[Franz Leopold Neumann]], consultant at [[Board of Economic Warfare]]; Deputy Chief of the Central European Section of [[Office of Strategic Services]]; First Chief of research of the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]]