Changes

When black soldiers returning from World War II recoiled at the second class Jim Crow citizenship in the South, the movement for [[Civil Rights]] was renewed. The NAACP Legal Defense Committee (a group independent of the NAACP)&mdash;and its lawyer [[Thurgood Marshall]]&mdash;brought the landmark case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka]]'',  before the Supreme Court.<ref>The main NAACP is often assumed to be involved in the case.  Not true; the totally separate NAACP Legal Defense Committee handled it all. </ref> In 1954, the court under [[Earl Warren]] unanimously overturned the 1896 Plessy decision in its ruling; Thurgood Marshall later became the first black Supreme Court Justice.

When black soldiers returning from World War II recoiled at the second class Jim Crow citizenship in the South, the movement for [[Civil Rights]] was renewed. The NAACP Legal Defense Committee (a group independent of the NAACP)&mdash;and its lawyer [[Thurgood Marshall]]&mdash;brought the landmark case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka]]'',  before the Supreme Court.<ref>The main NAACP is often assumed to be involved in the case.  Not true; the totally separate NAACP Legal Defense Committee handled it all. </ref> In 1954, the court under [[Earl Warren]] unanimously overturned the 1896 Plessy decision in its ruling; Thurgood Marshall later became the first black Supreme Court Justice.

===Social mobility for blacks---

===Social mobility for blacks===

Jim Crow limited blackl upward mobility and opportunity. Therefore millions moved to northern cities in the [[Great Migration]] (1917-1960).

Jim Crow limited blackl upward mobility and opportunity. Therefore millions moved to northern cities in the [[Great Migration]] (1917-1960).

   

   

African-American entertainers, musicians, and literary figures had separate, small niches in the world of art and culture in the North. The most successful writers formed the "Harlem Renaissance" of the 1920s in New York City, Jazz musicians developed their new music in Jim Crow Memphis and New Orleans, and took it north to Chicago and New York to largely black audiences (whites could hear jazz in the North, but were not allowed in all-black venues in the South).

African-American entertainers, musicians, and literary figures had separate, small niches in the world of art and culture in the North. The most successful writers formed the "Harlem Renaissance" of the 1920s in New York City, Jazz musicians developed their new music in Jim Crow Memphis and New Orleans, and took it north to Chicago and New York to largely black audiences (whites could hear jazz in the North, but were not allowed in all-black venues in the South).

African-American athletes found Jim Crow stood against them nationally. By 1900, white opposition to African-American boxers, baseball players, track athletes, and basketball players kept them segregated and limited in what they could do. But their prowess and abilities in all-African-American teams and sporting events could not be denied, and the barriers to African-American participation in all the major sports began to crumble in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the wake of the spectacular breakthrough of Jackie Robinson into baseball in 1947 in Brooklyn.  

African-American athletes found Jim Crow stood against them nationally. By 1900, white opposition to African-American boxers, baseball players, track athletes, and basketball players kept them segregated and limited in what they could do. But their prowess and abilities in all-African-American teams and sporting events could not be denied, and the barriers to African-American participation in all the major sports began to crumble in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the wake of the spectacular breakthrough of Jackie Robinson into baseball in 1947 in Brooklyn.

==Twentieth century==

==Twentieth century==