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Radical Catharism
Radical Catharism
In contrast to Manichaeism’s ‘horizontal dualism’, the moderate Cathars and the radical Cathars both teach a ‘vertical dualism’: what is above is good, what is below is bad. The light has fallen into the darkness (the physical world) and must be liberated from it. The creation has been made by a ''creatormalus'' "evil creator". The Cathar ''perfecti'' ("Perfect Ones") in particular have a horror of the creation and the body <ref>van Schaik</ref>.
In contrast to Manichaeism’s ‘horizontal dualism’, the moderate Cathars and the radical Cathars both teach a ‘vertical dualism’: what is above is good, what is below is bad. The light has fallen into the darkness (the physical world) and must be liberated from it. The creation has been made by a ''creatormalus'' "evil creator". The Cathar ''perfecti'' ("Perfect Ones") in particular have a horror of the creation and the body <ref>van Schaik</ref>.
On the death of Kulin in 1216 a mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed.
On the death of Kulin in 1216 a mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed.
The several texts with ''moderate'' Cathar ideas have already been mentioned. There are fewer texts with ''radical'' Cathar ideas: the ''Liber contra Manicheos'' and the ''Liber the Duobis Principiis''. The ''Liber contra Manicheos'' (''circa'' 1218-1222) is by Durand the Huesca, an opponent of the Cathars, and contains a radical Cathar treatise. (The ''Liber the Duobis Principiis'' was written much later, in the last half of the 13th century.)
The radical Cathar texts, in contrast to Manichaeism, teach that there are two principles, each of them a God, at the ontological level. The bad God (''malus deus'') is identified with the creator from the Old Testament <ref>From a later text, written 40 to 30 years later, ''circa'' 1250-1280, ''Liber the Duobis Principiis'', mentioned below.</ref>. Thus ontological dualism appears to be an important point of difference between the ideas of the Manichaeans and of the radical Cathars: the Manichaeans preach one God, while the radical Cathars preach two gods.
In 1223 the Albigenses are declared to be the local Bougres, and in the same period mention is made of the "Pope of the Albigenses who resided within the confines of Bulgaria".
In 1223 the Albigenses are declared to be the local Bougres, and in the same period mention is made of the "Pope of the Albigenses who resided within the confines of Bulgaria".
In the second half of the 12th century, Bogomilism spread westward. The Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja was obliged to summon a general assembly of his land to check it.
In the second half of the 12th century, Bogomilism spread westward. The Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja was obliged to summon a general assembly of his land to check it.
Another text with radical Cathar ideas is the ''Liber the Duobis Principiis'' (''circa'' 1250-1280), the only surviving extensive radical Manichaean text available to us. The contents of the two texts, the ''Liber contra Manicheos'' (''circa'' 1218-1222), by Durand the Huesca, an opponent of the Cathars, containing a radical Cathar treatise, and the ''Liber the Duobis Principiis'' (''circa'' 1250-1280), accord closely with the information that we have from the opponents of the Cathars, so we can use both texts.
In 1252, Pope Innocent IV decided to put Bosnia's bishop under the Hungarian Kalocsa jurisdiction. This decision provoked the resistance of the Bosnian Christians, who refused to submit to the Hungarians and broke off their relations with Rome.
In 1252, Pope Innocent IV decided to put Bosnia's bishop under the Hungarian Kalocsa jurisdiction. This decision provoked the resistance of the Bosnian Christians, who refused to submit to the Hungarians and broke off their relations with Rome.