Ultramontanism
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Ultramontanism (literally, "over/beyond the mountains" [to Rome] + ism "belief in") is a term in Church history referring to the dominance of the Pope in the Catholic Church. It is opposed to Gallicanism, whereby the Catholic bishops inside a country, such as France, have considerable independence.
The issue continues to arise in the question of whether the Pope or the government can appoint the bishops in a country, such as China.