Northumberland

Northumberland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	North East England
Borders	Berwickshire County Durham Cumberland Roxburghshire
Population	842,414 (2021)
Area (sq mi)	2,018 sq mi

Northumberland is England's northernmost county. It is bound to the north by Scotland, the east by the North Sea, the south by County Durham and the south west by Cumberland. It forms part of the cultural regions of the Anglo-Scottish border and Northumbria. For statistical purposes, the three council areas that cover Northumberland are all part of the North East England statistical region.

The county has a land area of 2,018 square miles, containing over half of the landmass of North East England. It has a population of around 840,000 (based on the combined population of the three council areas that cover it, as of 2021). It is predominantly rural, especially in the north and west, where the Cheviot Hills form a natural border with Scotland. The south-east of the county, in which much of Northumberland's population lives, is heavily urbanised, containing part of the Tyneside built-up area. The county town is Morpeth, while the largest settlement is the city of Newcastle upon Tyne; other important towns include Berwick upon Tweed, Alnwick, Hexham, Haltwhistle, North Shields and Tynemouth.

Northumberland is one of the most ancient counties in England, with a distinct identity (as part of the old Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria) dating back to the mid-7th century AD. A great deal of Northumberland's history relates to the area's history as a militarised frontier, which is traceable at least to the 2nd century AD when Hadrian's Wall, which crosses the southern part of Northumberland, was constructed. Other major historic sites in the county include the island of Lindisfarne or Holy Island, and medieval fortresses at Bamburgh, Norham, Dunstanburgh, Alnwick, Tynemouth, Newcastle, Warkworth and elsewhere; Northumberland has over 70 castles, more than any other county in England. In Berwick, Northumberland has England's only sixteenth century walled town.

Northumberland is sometimes referred to as the "cradle of Christianity" in England, due to the early activity of monks in the region during the 6th century, especially on Lindisfarne, where a major monastery flourished.

Administration

The county if Northumberland is co-terminus with the areas of three council areas. Much of the county's geographical area falls under Northumberland County Council. However, some of the more urban areas of in the south east of the county, and indeed around 60% of the county's population, fall under other council areas; Newcastle City Council covers the Northumberland's largest city Newcastle upon Tyne, and North Tyneside Council covers the coastal areas of the county close to the Tyne estuary, including the settlements North Shields, Tynemouth and Whitley Bay.

Geography

Northumberland is the northernmost of England's 39 counties, lying mostly above 55° North latitude. Like the ancient kingdom of Northumbria from which it takes its name, the county's name means "north of the River Humber," though in point of fact the Humber lies well south of the modern county's southern border. For residents of England's South and Midlands, Northumberland (like many of the far northern counties) seems to have more in common with Scotland than with England itself, a view that has considerably impacted the county's history and culture.

The eastern part of Northumberland consists of a low, relatively flat coastal plain, facing the North Sea. Taking in the cities of Alnwick, Berwick, Blyth, and Morpeth, among others, it culminates in the Northumberland Coast, a mixture of sandy beaches and rugged cliffs, with a number of offshore islands (these last including Holy Island, on which the ancient monastery of Lindisfarne is located). The west-central portion comprises a large part of the Tyne River Valley, mostly characterized by low, rolling hills; the far northwest of the county is dominated by the Cheviot Hills, straddling the border with Scotland and rising to over 2,500 feet at a few points. South of the Tyne Valley, as one approaches County Durham, lie outlying uplands associated with the North Pennines.

Owing to its northern location, Northumberland has a considerably cooler climate than the rest of England. Average temperatures range from 39°F in January to 58°F in July, with the moderating influence of the North Sea generally preventing extremes in either direction. As uplands to the west block the moisture carried by prevailing westerly winds, the county is also relatively dry compared to England as a whole, typically receiving between 25 and 30 inches of precipitation per year.