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[[Image:DarkMatterNASA1.jpg|350px|right]]'''Dark matter''', in [[astronomy]], is a type of exotic [[matter]] that has been directly detected <ref>http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951</ref>, and whose existence astronomers inferred when the actual masses of many observed celestial objects were not sufficient to account for an observed gravitational effect. It is one of two concepts (the other is [[dark energy]]) that [[evolution]]istic astronomers invoke to account for observations that old-[[universe]] cosmologies, including the [[Big Bang]], do not yet explain fully.
[[Image:DarkMatterNASA1.jpg|350px|right]]'''Dark matter''', in [[astronomy]], is any hypothetical [[matter]]<ref name="CSR">{{cite book
|author=Moshe Carmeli
|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition
|publisher=World Scientific Publishing
|year=2002
|pages=22
|url=http://www.creationbookpublishers.com/products/Without-Excuse.html
|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|quote=Remark on Dark Matter: As is well known much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies.For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies. Equation (2.25) clearly shows that the observed velocity by us is not the velocity measured by a local observer at a relative time <math>t</math> with respect to us. He measures a smaller velocity, and the more back in time the more the velocity decreases. Does this mean that the hypothetical dark matter can be abolished as the "luminiferous ether" was proved to be superfluous by special relativity?
}}</ref> that astronomers infer when the actual mass of any observed celestial object is not sufficient to account for an observed gravitational effect.{{#tag:ref|cf. "...much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies. For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies."<ref name="CSR"/>|group=note}} It is one of two concepts (the other is [[dark energy]]) that [[evolution]]istic astronomers invoke to account for observations that old-[[universe]] cosmologies, including the [[Big Bang]], cannot explain. There is an ongoing controversy taking place about the detectability status of Dark Matter. While proponents of the Friedmann Big Bang cosmologies supplied several papers (the most recent one (2012) published in [[Nature (journal)|journal Nature]]<ref name="Nature">{{cite web
|author=Zeeya Merali
|title=Dark matter’s tendrils revealed: Direct measurement of a dark-matter ‘filament’ confirms its existence in a galaxy supercluster.
|date=04 July 2012
|issue=
|publisher= journal Nature
|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10951
|url=http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Dietrich">{{cite web
|author=Jörg P. Dietrich et al.
|title=A filament of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies
|date=12 July 2012
|issue=487
|pages=202–204
|publisher= journal Nature
|doi=10.1038/nature11224
|url=http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951
|quote=}}</ref>) making bold claims that the Dark Matter have been 'directly' observed or detected {{#tag:ref|cf."However, to get the [Big Bang] theory to work, a universe comprising 22% dark matter is an absolute must."<ref name="clamour
of claims">{{cite web
|title=Has ‘dark matter’ really been proven? Clarifying the clamour of claims from colliding clusters
|author=John Hartnett
|publisher=Journal of creation
|volume=20
|issue=3
|year=2006
|accessdate=2012-10-14
|url=http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j20_3/j20_3_6-8.pdf
|quote=}}</ref>|group=note}}, their opponents including [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] however express their strong reservations and suggest that it "seems to be stretching things a bit, to put it mildly, given the many assumptions and interpretations necessarily involved". According to J.Hartnett the very essence of the ‘dark matter’ concept is that we have no explanation for what we observe and the whole dark matter scenario is in his view the result of incorrect physics being applied to the dynamics of astronomical bodies requiring ad hoc assumptions to be introduced to the norm.
As an alternative explanation based on applying [[Occam’s razor]] for phenomena leading to dark matter hypothesis is proposed a new theory by late Israeli cosmologist/physicist [[Moshe Carmeli]] whose 5D space-time-velocity metric explains both galactic rotation curves and the flatness of the universe—without dark matter or other fudge factors and explains more of the data.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
== The first dark matter ==
== The first dark matter ==
==== Secular criticism ====
==== Secular criticism ====
Tim Thompson<ref name=Thompson/> has recently suggested that the major attractive force that allows galaxies and systems of higher mass to rotate with such excessive speed is not gravity at all, but electrostatic forces. He reminds his readers that electrostatic forces are stronger than gravity, and also that the strength of a magnetic field varies inversely as the first power, not the square, of the distance from the center. This is very close to Milgrom's MOND, with the advantage of having an underlying theory to explain it,<ref name=Thompson/> which Milgrom's system does not have.<ref name=Hartnett/> More to the point, Thompson suggests that the quality that allows galaxies to spin so rapidly is not mass, but electric charge. However, c and he has never been able to publish them in any reputable publication.
Tim Thompson<ref name=Thompson/> has recently suggested that the major attractive force that allows galaxies and systems of higher mass to rotate with such excessive speed is not gravity at all, but electrostatic forces. He reminds his readers that electrostatic forces are stronger than gravity, and also that the strength of a magnetic field varies inversely as the first power, not the square, of the distance from the center. This is very close to Milgrom's MOND, with the advantage of having an underlying theory to explain it,<ref name=Thompson/> which Milgrom's system does not have.<ref name=Hartnett/> More to the point, Thompson suggests that the quality that allows galaxies to spin so rapidly is not mass, but electric charge. However, c and he has never been able to publish them in any reputable publication.
==Notes==
<references group=note/>
{{Relativity}}
{{Relativity}}