Changes

The original '''Pact of Umar''' was apparently issued by caliph Umar bin al-Khattab (634–644). Though there is wide disagreement among scholars about the origins and development of this covenant, it seems clear that the Pact of Umar eventually became a composite statement that was central to the Muslim legal structure in terms of dealing with non-Muslim populations in the early Abbasid period and thereafter. As Muslim dominion rapidly expanded by military means in the 7th century, means of treating Non-Muslims as ''dhimma'', or ''protected person'' were implemented, which would henceforth be used as a model.

The original '''Pact of Umar''' was apparently issued by caliph Umar bin al-Khattab (634–644). Though there is wide disagreement among scholars about the origins and development of this covenant, it seems clear that the Pact of Umar eventually became a composite statement that was central to the Muslim legal structure in terms of dealing with non-Muslim populations in the early Abbasid period and thereafter. As Muslim dominion rapidly expanded by military means in the 7th century, means of treating Non-Muslims as ''dhimma'', or ''protected person'' were implemented, which would henceforth be used as a model.

According to the pact, conquered Jews and Christians under subjection were allowed the privilege of worshiping according to their own religion, albeit in a very subdued and non-evangelistic manner, to own property, and to pursue their occupations. In return they acknowledged the authority of the Muslim government, swore loyalty to the state, and paid the jizya as other financial assessments, and thus received some protection from molestation, provided they where found faithful to the Pact.  

According to the pact, conquered Jews and Christians under subjection were allowed the privilege of worshiping according to their own religion, albeit in a very subdued and non-evangelistic manner, to own property, and to pursue their occupations. In return they acknowledged the authority of the Muslim government, swore loyalty to the state, and paid the jizya as other financial assessments, and thus received some protection from molestation, provided they were found faithful to the Pact.  

The pact prohibited Christians and Jews from marrying Muslim women or making any public religious displays, such as exhibiting statues, ringing bells, holding processions, issuing proclamations, and undertaking new construction of synagogues or churches.  Jews and Christians were not allowed to evangelize, teach the Qur'an, prevent family members from converting to Islam, imitate Muslims in appearance, bury their dead in Muslim cemeteries, build homes that overlooked those of Muslims, own slaves previously owned by Muslims, hold political office, ride horses or camels, testify against a Muslim in a criminal legal case, sell alcohol, pork, or carrion to Muslims. In addition, Jews and Christians were to identify themselves by wearing a girdle over external clothing, shaving the front of their head (males), and using distinctive headgear, saddles, and mounts.  

The pact prohibited Christians and Jews from marrying Muslim women or making any public religious displays, such as exhibiting statues, ringing bells, holding processions, issuing proclamations, and undertaking new construction of synagogues or churches.  Jews and Christians were not allowed to evangelize, teach the Qur'an, prevent family members from converting to Islam, imitate Muslims in appearance, bury their dead in Muslim cemeteries, build homes that overlooked those of Muslims, own slaves previously owned by Muslims, hold political office, ride horses or camels, testify against a Muslim in a criminal legal case, sell alcohol, pork, or carrion to Muslims. In addition, Jews and Christians were to identify themselves by wearing a girdle over external clothing, shaving the front of their head (males), and using distinctive headgear, saddles, and mounts.