Changes

*The city of [[Ur]], referenced as the birthplace of Abraham [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8175/jewish/Chapter-11.htm [Genesis 11:28<nowiki>]</nowiki>], was discovered in the 19th and 20th centuries by excavators and archaeologists in Southern Iraq. The mention of Ur is chronologically set nearly 4000 years before it was discovered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=City of Biblical Abraham Brimmed With Trade and Riches |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/160311-ur-iraq-trade-royal-cemetery-woolley-archaeology |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Adventure |language=en}}</ref>

*The city of [[Ur]], referenced as the birthplace of Abraham [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8175/jewish/Chapter-11.htm [Genesis 11:28<nowiki>]</nowiki>], was discovered in the 19th and 20th centuries by excavators and archaeologists in Southern Iraq. The mention of Ur is chronologically set nearly 4000 years before it was discovered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=City of Biblical Abraham Brimmed With Trade and Riches |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/160311-ur-iraq-trade-royal-cemetery-woolley-archaeology |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Adventure |language=en}}</ref>

*The genetic bottleneck that is the flood of [[Noah's Ark]] matches up surprisingly well with modern genetic research that shows that female lineages have more chromosomal diversity than male lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noah and Genetics |url=https://creation.com/noah-and-genetics |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=creation.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

*The genetic bottleneck that is the flood of [[Noah's Ark]] matches up surprisingly well with modern genetic research that shows that female lineages have more chromosomal diversity than male lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noah and Genetics |url=https://creation.com/noah-and-genetics |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=creation.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

*The reference to the Battle of Siddim matches up with many patriarchal conditions of the era including king lists and political climate<ref>https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2021/07/16/top-ten-discoveries-related-to-abraham/</ref> [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8209/jewish/Chapter-14.htm#v10 [Genesis 14:10<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  

*The reference to the Battle of Siddim matches up with many patriarchal conditions of the era including king lists and political climate<ref>{{Cite web |last=Windle |first=Bryan |date=2021-07-16 |title=Top Ten Discoveries Related to Abraham |url=https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2021/07/16/top-ten-discoveries-related-to-abraham/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Bible Archaeology Report |language=en}}</ref>[https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8209/jewish/Chapter-14.htm#v10 [Genesis 14:10<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  

*The following includes such historical figures such as Amraphel, King of Elam, who (although used to be attributed to Hammurabi) is now attributed to Amar-Sin, an older historical figure from the 2nd Millenium B.C., who does posses archaeological evidence of existence.<ref>https://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/amraphael-or-amraphel/</ref> [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8209/jewish/Chapter-14.htm#v1 [Genesis 14:1<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*The following includes such historical figures such as Amraphel, King of Elam, who (although used to be attributed to Hammurabi) is now attributed to Amar-Sin, an older historical figure from the 2nd Millenium B.C., who does posses archaeological evidence of existence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-20 |title=Amraphael or Amraphel – Amazing Bible Timeline with World History |url=https://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/amraphael-or-amraphel/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8209/jewish/Chapter-14.htm#v1 [Genesis 14:1<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*In 2021, an excavation in the ancient city of Tall el-Hammam in modern-day [[Jordan]] shows what seems to be evidence of a bronze-age city being destroyed by a meteor, which aligns with the story of Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed by God.<ref>https://www.sci.news/archaeology/tall-el-hammam-10116.html</ref> [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8213/jewish/Chapter-18.htm#v21 [Genesis 18:21<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*In 2021, an excavation in the ancient city of Tall el-Hammam in modern-day [[Jordan]] shows what seems to be evidence of a bronze-age city being destroyed by a meteor, which aligns with the story of Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed by God.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2021-09-29 |title=Tunguska-Sized Impact Destroyed Jordan Valley City 3,670 Years Ago Sci.News |url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/tall-el-hammam-10116.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8213/jewish/Chapter-18.htm#v21 [Genesis 18:21<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*Until relatively recently in modern history (last 200 years), scholars failed to identify the modern-day [[Hittites]] through extra-biblical sources. In 1906, Hugo Winckler discovered [[Cuneiform]] inscriptions of Hittite origin.<ref>https://www.hopechannel.com/au/read/the-hittites-a-civilisation-lost-and-found</ref> Hittites were mentioned thousands of years earlier through biblical sources. [https://www.hopechannel.com/au/read/the-hittites-a-civilisation-lost-and-found [Genesis 26:34<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*Until relatively recently in modern history (last 200 years), scholars failed to identify the modern-day [[Hittites]] through extra-biblical sources. In 1906, Hugo Winckler discovered [[Cuneiform]] inscriptions of Hittite origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hittites - A Civilisation Lost and Found |url=https://www.hopechannel.com/read/the-hittites-a-civilisation-lost-and-found |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.hopechannel.com |language=en}}</ref> Hittites were mentioned thousands of years earlier through biblical sources. [https://www.hopechannel.com/au/read/the-hittites-a-civilisation-lost-and-found [Genesis 26:34<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*In 2021, Assyrian stone tablets from the city of Mari in modern-day Syria reference [[Nahor]], the grandfather of Abraham, who is referenced in [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8175/jewish/Chapter-11.htm#v26 [Genesis 11:26<nowiki>]</nowiki>].<ref>https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1381279/archaeology-news-evidence-patriarch-abraham-family-tree-bible-proof-evg</ref>

*In 2021, Assyrian stone tablets from the city of Mari in modern-day Syria reference [[Nahor]], the grandfather of Abraham, who is referenced in [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8175/jewish/Chapter-11.htm#v26 [Genesis 11:26<nowiki>]</nowiki>].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kettley |first=Sebastian |date=2021-01-09 |title=Archaeology proves the Bible 'stands up to scrutiny' claims expert |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1381279/archaeology-news-evidence-patriarch-abraham-family-tree-bible-proof-evg |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

*The Nuzi texts of the late 2nd millennium B.C. display remarkable similarity to customs and laws of the biblical [[Patriarch (biblical)|patriarchs]] in mid-Genesis<ref>https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Nuzi</ref><ref>https://www.faithfacts.org/search-for-truth/maps/archaeological-and-external-evidence</ref> such as the cohabitation of handmaidens for the purpose of having children [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8211/jewish/Chapter-16.htm#v4 [Genesis 14:4<nowiki>]</nowiki>], the use of oral will via deathbed [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8222/jewish/Chapter-27.htm#v7 Genesis 27:7], and the use of idols for inheritance [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8226#v19 [Genesis 31:19<nowiki>]</nowiki>].

*The Nuzi texts of the late 2nd millennium B.C. display remarkable similarity to customs and laws of the biblical [[Patriarch (biblical)|patriarchs]] in mid-Genesis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuzi - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Nuzi |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.biblegateway.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Evidence - Faith Facts - Faith Facts |url=https://www.faithfacts.org/search-for-truth/maps/archaeological-and-external-evidence |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.faithfacts.org}}</ref> such as the cohabitation of handmaidens for the purpose of having children [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8211/jewish/Chapter-16.htm#v4 [Genesis 14:4<nowiki>]</nowiki>], the use of oral will via deathbed [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8222/jewish/Chapter-27.htm#v7 Genesis 27:7], and the use of idols for inheritance [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8226#v19 [Genesis 31:19<nowiki>]</nowiki>].

*The city of Harran, where Abraham moved to following his departure from Ur, is an established place in Turkey<ref>Sinclair, T. A. (1990). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume IV. Pindar Press. ISBN 978-0-907132-52-3.</ref> that is close in proximity to Suruç and Nahor, which are named after his great-grandfather and grandfather respectively.

*The city of Harran, where Abraham moved to following his departure from Ur, is an established place in Turkey<ref>Sinclair, T. A. (1990). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume IV. Pindar Press. ISBN 978-0-907132-52-3.</ref> that is close in proximity to Suruç and Nahor, which are named after his great-grandfather and grandfather respectively.

*Archaeological sources state that the city of [[Shechem]] was founded around 1900 B.C.<ref>https://www.mq.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/527734/NEAEHL-Shechem.pdf</ref> This is in line with when Abraham had built an altar to God there during the middle of his life. [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8176/jewish/Chapter-12.htm#v6 [Genesis 12:6<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*Archaeological sources state that the city of [[Shechem]] was founded around 1900 B.C.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stern |first=Ephraim |title=The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land |url=https://www.mq.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/527734/NEAEHL-Shechem.pdf |website=mq.edu |publisher=Israel Exploration Society}}</ref> This is in line with when Abraham had built an altar to God there during the middle of his life. [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8176/jewish/Chapter-12.htm#v6 [Genesis 12:6<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

*Abraham bought a cave from Ephron the Hittite for 400 shekels as a burial site for his family. [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8218/jewish/Chapter-23.htm#v9 [Genesis 23:9<nowiki>]</nowiki>] Similar types of real estate transactions are displayed in the [[Ugaritic|Ugaritic Texts]], with 400 shekels having been a common denomination of money for such a purchase.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908757</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/598945</ref> The "shekel" was believed to originally be a weighted measurement of ''hacksilber'', rather than a denominated currency. A later discovery of silver from around 1,600 BC (around the time of Abraham's death) confirmed the belief in early Israel having used hacksilber measurements.<ref>https://www.timesofisrael.com/study-claims-hoards-of-3600-year-old-cut-silver-pieces-are-first-currency-in-levant</ref>

*Abraham bought a cave from Ephron the Hittite for 400 shekels as a burial site for his family. [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8218/jewish/Chapter-23.htm#v9 [Genesis 23:9<nowiki>]</nowiki>] Similar types of real estate transactions are displayed in the [[Ugaritic|Ugaritic Texts]], with 400 shekels having been a common denomination of money for such a purchase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarna |first=Nahum M. |date=1982 |title=Genesis Chapter 23: The Cave of Machpelah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908757 |journal=Hebrew Studies |volume=23 |pages=17–21 |issn=0146-4094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stieglitz |first=Robert R. |date=1979 |title=Commodity Prices at Ugarit |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/598945 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.2307/598945 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref>The "shekel" was believed to originally be a weighted measurement of ''hacksilber'', rather than a denominated currency. A later discovery of silver from around 1,600 BC (around the time of Abraham's death) confirmed the belief in early Israel having used hacksilber measurements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Newly analyzed 3,600-year-old silver pieces are 1st currency in Levant, study shows |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/study-claims-hoards-of-3600-year-old-cut-silver-pieces-are-first-currency-in-levant/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Exodus ==

== Exodus ==