Changes

Snowden leaks top-secret procedures steps the NSA must take to target and collect data from [[FISA#702|"non-US persons" and how it must minimize, or mask, data collected on US citizens]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/20/fisa-court-nsa-without-warrant</ref>

Snowden leaks top-secret procedures steps the NSA must take to target and collect data from [[FISA#702|"non-US persons" and how it must minimize, or mask, data collected on US citizens]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/20/fisa-court-nsa-without-warrant</ref>

*Snowden leaks how Britain's GCHQ taps fiber-optic cables to collect and store global email messages, Facebook posts, internet histories, and calls, and then shares the data with the NSA.  

Snowden leaks how Britain's GCHQ taps fiber-optic cables to collect and store global email messages, Facebook posts, internet histories, and calls, and then shares the data with the NSA through an "intelligence sharing agreement". Hence theoretically, no violation of an American citizen's [[4th Amendment]] protections against [[illegal]] searches and seizure since the [[US government]] is doing the illegal search.

*Snowden leaks reveal Britain's GCHQ and other European spy agencies work together to conduct mass surveillance. The files also make clear that GCHQ played a leading role in advising its European counterparts how to work around laws intended to restrict the surveillance power of intelligence agencies. ''The Guardian'' article reports,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/01/gchq-europe-spy-agencies-mass-surveillance-snowden</ref>[[File:450px-Edward Snowden 2013-10-9 (1) (cropped).jpg|right|225px|thumb|[[Edward Snowden]] warned of such abuse played out in 2016 and 2017: an [[Executive branch]] with unlimited. unrestrained power to spy on investigative Committees of Congress, political opponents, and even the Supreme Court.]]

 

Snowden leaks reveal Britain's GCHQ and other European spy agencies work together to conduct mass surveillance. The files also make clear that GCHQ played a leading role in advising its European counterparts how to work around laws intended to restrict the surveillance power of intelligence agencies. ''The Guardian'' article reports,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/01/gchq-europe-spy-agencies-mass-surveillance-snowden</ref>[[File:450px-Edward Snowden 2013-10-9 (1) (cropped).jpg|right|225px|thumb|[[Edward Snowden]] warned of such abuse played out in 2016 and 2017: an [[Executive branch]] with unlimited. unrestrained power to spy on investigative Committees of Congress, political opponents, and even the Supreme Court.]]

{{Quotebox-float|It is clear from the Snowden documents that GCHQ has become Europe's intelligence hub in the internet age, and not just because of its success in creating a legally permissive environment for its operations. Britain's location as the European gateway for many transatlantic cables, and its privileged relationship with the NSA has made GCHQ an essential partner for European agencies. The documents show British officials frequently lobbying the NSA on sharing of data with the Europeans and haggling over its security classification so it can be more widely disseminated. In the intelligence world, far more than it managed in diplomacy, Britain has made itself an indispensable bridge between America and Europe's spies.}}

{{Quotebox-float|It is clear from the Snowden documents that GCHQ has become Europe's intelligence hub in the internet age, and not just because of its success in creating a legally permissive environment for its operations. Britain's location as the European gateway for many transatlantic cables, and its privileged relationship with the NSA has made GCHQ an essential partner for European agencies. The documents show British officials frequently lobbying the NSA on sharing of data with the Europeans and haggling over its security classification so it can be more widely disseminated. In the intelligence world, far more than it managed in diplomacy, Britain has made itself an indispensable bridge between America and Europe's spies.}}

*NBC reports UK's GCHQ used "[[dirty tricks]]" such as computer viruses and sexual "honey traps" to target adversaries (see [[Obama war crimes]], 27 October 2009).<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091</ref>

 

*Snowden reveals GCHQ asked NSA for "unsupervised access" to NSA's databases.

[[NBC]] reported UK's GCHQ used "[[dirty tricks]]" such as computer viruses and sexual "honey traps" to target adversaries (see [[Obama war crimes]], 27 October 2009).<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091</ref>

*British Secretive Court ruled NSA-UK sharing of bulk metadata before December 2014 was illegal, however, after the Snowden leaks, now that the practice is publicly known, US-UK intelligence metadata sharing is legal.<ref>https://leaksource.wordpress.com/2015/02/22/ipt-rules-nsa-gchq-intel-sharing-illegal-prior-to-december-2014-legal-now-since-its-not-secret-anymore-huh/comment-page-1/</ref> Legal intelligence sharing with foreign agencies is a convenient way for law enforcement in both countries to circumvent constitutional restrictions and obtain information without [[probable cause]] or a search warrant. Under a reciprocal agreement, the US can ask the UK to spy on a US citizen or vice-versa (as in the case of [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]]) as a national security prerogative. The UK doesn't need a warrant in the US, nor the US in the UK, and a person's [[civil rights]] may be "legally" violated under this loophole. The practice was originated by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1938 by [[Executive Order]] allowing British intelligence to [[wiretap]] American citizens that Britain feared were monitoring ships leaving harbor in New York and New Jersey, making them vulnerable to [[U-boat]]s.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, World War II, Chapter 3, p. 249</ref>

 

Snowden revealed GCHQ asked NSA for "unsupervised access" to NSA's databases.

 

British Secretive Court ruled NSA-UK sharing of bulk metadata before December 2014 was illegal, however, after the Snowden leaks, now that the practice is publicly known, US-UK intelligence metadata sharing is legal.<ref>https://leaksource.wordpress.com/2015/02/22/ipt-rules-nsa-gchq-intel-sharing-illegal-prior-to-december-2014-legal-now-since-its-not-secret-anymore-huh/comment-page-1/</ref> Legal intelligence sharing with foreign agencies is a convenient way for law enforcement in both countries to circumvent constitutional restrictions and obtain information without [[probable cause]] or a search warrant. Under a reciprocal agreement, the US can ask the UK to spy on a US citizen or vice-versa (as in the case of [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]]) as a national security prerogative. The UK doesn't need a warrant in the US, nor the US in the UK, and a person's [[civil rights]] may be "legally" violated under this loophole. The practice was originated by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1938 by [[Executive Order]] allowing British intelligence to [[wiretap]] American citizens that Britain feared were monitoring ships leaving harbor in New York and New Jersey, making them vulnerable to [[U-boat]]s.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, World War II, Chapter 3, p. 249</ref>

==References==

==References==